Voiced alveolar plosive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| IPA – number | 104 |
| IPA – text | d |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | d |
| X-SAMPA | d |
| Kirshenbaum | d |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
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The voiced alveolar plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is d (although the symbol d̪ can be used to distinguish the dental version, see voiceless dental plosive), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.
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[edit] Features
Features of the voiced alveolar plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Varieties of [d]
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| d | modal d |
| dʱ or d̤ | breathy voice or murmured d |
| dʲ | palatalized d |
| dʷ | labialized d |
| dˁ | pharyngialized d |
| d˺ | unreleased d |
| d̥ | voiceless or slack voice d |
| d̬ | stiff voice d |
| d̺ | apical d |
| d̻ | laminal d |
| d̪ | dental or denti-alveolar d |
| d̟ or d̪͆ | interdental d |
| d̠ | postalveolar d |
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech | do | [do] | 'into' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dutch[1] | dak | [dɑk] | 'roof' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | admit | [ædˈmɪt] | 'admit' | See English phonology | |
| Finnish | sidos | [sido̞s] | 'bond' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French | dais | [dɛ] | 'canopy' | See French phonology | |
| German | Dach | [dax] | 'roof' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | ντροπή | [dro̞ˈpi] | 'shame' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian | adó | [ɒdoː] | 'tax' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian[2] | dacing | [ˈdatʃiŋ] | 'balance scale' | ||
| Japanese[3] | 男性的/danseiteki | [danseiteki] | 'masculine' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 아들/adeul | [adɯl] | 'son' | See Korean phonology | |
| Maltese | dehen | [den] | 'wit' | ||
| Norwegian | dans | [dɑns] | 'dance' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Slovak | do | [do] | 'into' | ||
| Swedish | dag | [dɑːg] | 'day' | See Swedish phonology | |
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008:210)
- ^ Okada (1991:94)
[edit] Bibliography
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45-47
- Maddieson, Ian (1984). Patterns of Sound. Camebridge University Press.
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94-97
- Soderberg, Craig D.; Olson, Kenneth S. (2008), "Indonesian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (2): 209-213
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