List of endangered languages in North America

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This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completion. You can help by expanding it with sourced additions.

An endangered language is a language that it is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language.

North America is a Continent in the Earth's northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west by the North Pacific Ocean; South America lies to the southeast. It covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers (9,540,000 sq mi), about 4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July 2007, its population was estimated at nearly 524 million people.

Contents 1 Canada 2 Mexico 3 USA 4 Notes

[edit] Canada

Canada

Language	Comments	Speakers	Source	ISO 639-3	Ethnologue entry
Beaver language		300 speakers in 1991.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	bea	Beaver language
Bella Coola language	Also: Nuxalk language	20 (2002 Poser) 700 (1991 Kinkade).	Ethnologue	blc	Bella Coola language
Cayuga language		40 to 60 speakers in 2002.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	cay	Cayuga language
Chinook Wawa language	Also: Chinook Jargon language	83 in Canada (1962 Chafe)Population total all countries: 100.	Ethnologue	chn	Chinook Wawa language
Northern Haida language	See Haida language	30 in Canada (1995 M Krauss)Population total all countries: 45 1,100 in Canada (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	hdn	Northern Haida language
Southern Haida language	See Haida language	10 (1995 M Krauss) 500 (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	hax	Southern Haida language
Haisla language		25 (1991 M Dale Kinkade) 1,000 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	has	Haisla language
Heiltsuk language	Hai?zaqvla	300 (1991 M Dale Kinkade).	Ethnologue	hei	Heiltsuk language
Han language		7 or 8 in Canada (1997 Krauss) 300.	Ethnologue	haa	Han language
Kutenai language	Kutanaxa	6 in Canada (2002 Poser)Population total all countries: 12.	Ethnologue	kut	Kutenai language
Maritime Sign Language			Ethnologue	nsr	Maritime Sign Language
Michif language		About 600 speakers in 1998.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	crg	Michif language
Munsee language		7 or 8 (1991 M Dale Kinkade) 400 (1991 M Dale Kinkade).	Ethnologue	umu	Munsee language
Oneida language		fewer than 250 speakers in 1991.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	one	Oneida language
Onondaga language		50 to 100 speakers in 1991.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	ono	Onondaga language
Potawatomi language		100 speakers	Red Book of Endangered Languages	pot	Potawatomi language
Salish language			Red Book of Endangered Languages	isocode	Salish language
Straits Salish language		20 in Canada (2002 Poser) 3,000 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	str	Straits Salish language
Sechelt language	Also: Shishalh language	40 (1990 M.D Kinkade) 550 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	sec	Sechelt language
Sekani language		30 to 40 (1997 Sharon Hargus) 600 (1982 SIL and 1997 S Hargus).	Ethnologue	sek	Sekani language
Seneca language		25 speakers in 1991.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	see	Seneca language
Squamish language		15 (2002 Poser) 2,300.	Ethnologue	squ	Squamish language
Tagish language		2 (1995 M Krauss) 400 possibly (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	tgx	Tagish language
Tahltan language		35 (2002 Poser) 750 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	tht	Tahltan language
Tlingit language		145 speakers in Canada in 1998.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	tli	Tlingit language
Tsuut’ina language	Also: Tsuu T'ina language, Sarsi language, Sarcee language	50 (1991 M. Dale Kinkade)	Red Book of Endangered Languages	srs	Sarsi language
Tuscarora language		7 or 8 in Canada (1991 Kinkade)Population total all countries: 11 to 13.	Ethnologue	tus	Tuscarora language
Western Abnaki language		20 (1991 M Krauss) 1,800 including Eastern Abnaki in USA (1982 SIL).	Ethnologue	abe	Western Abnaki language

[edit] Mexico

Mexico

Language	Comments	Speakers	Source	ISO 639-3	Ethnologue entry
Cocopah language			Red Book of Endangered Languages	coc	Cocopa language
Ixcatec language		213 speakers in 2006.	Red Book of Endangered Languages	ixc	Ixcatec language
Kiliwa language		24 to 32 (1994 SIL).	Ethnologue	klb	Kiliwa language
Lacandon language		44 speakers in 2006. (SIL counted 1000 speakers in 2000?)	Red Book of Endangered Languages	lac	Lacandon language
Mocho' language			Red Book of Endangered Languages		Mocho' language
Atzingo Matlatzinca language		50 to 100 (1993 SIL) 642 (1990 census).	Ethnologue	ocu	Atzingo Matlatzinca language
San Francisco Matlatzinca language		1,167 (2000 WCD).	Ethnologue	mat	San Francisco Matlatzinca language
Oluta Popoluca language		around 30 speakers	Red Book of Endangered Languages	plo	Oluta Popoluca language
Opata language		15 Population includes 11 in Distrito Federal, 4 in State of Mexico (1993 Instituto Nacional Indigenista).	Ethnologue	opt	Opata language
Otomi language			Red Book of Endangered Languages		Otomi language
Texistepec Popoluca language		around 400 elderly speakers	Red Book of Endangered Languages	poq	Texistepec Popoluca language
Zapotec, Asunción Mixtepec language		100 (1990 census) 2,476 (1990 census).	Ethnologue	zoo	Zapotec, Asunción Mixtepec language
Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec language		59 (1994 SIL).	Ethnologue	ztm	Zapotec, San Agustín Mixtepec language
Tabasco Zoque language		40 (1971 García de León) 367 (1960 census).	Ethnologue	zoq	Tabasco Zoque language

[edit] USA

USA

Language	Comments	Speakers	Source	ISO 639-3	Ethnologue entry
Achumawi language		10 nonfluent speakers (1997 Nevin) 1,000 (1997 Bruce Nevin).	Ethnologue	acv	Achumawi language
Ahtena language		80 (1995 M Krauss) 500 (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	aht	Ahtena language
Kiowa Apache language		18 (1990 census) 1,000 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	apk	Kiowa Apache language
Lipan Apache language		2 or 3 (1981 R W Young) 100 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	apl	Lipan Apache language
Arikara language		20 (1997 Parks) 3,000.	Ethnologue	ari	Arikara language
Atsugewi language		3 (1994 L Hinton) 200 (1977 SIL)1,350 with Achumawi (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	atw	Atsugewi language
Caddo language		25 (1997 Chafe) 3,371 (1997 W Chafe).	Ethnologue	cad	Caddo language
Cahuilla language		7 to 20 (1994 L Hinton) 35 (1990 census).	Ethnologue	chl	Cahuilla language
Chetco language		5 (1962 Chafe) 100 possibly (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	ctc	Chetco language
Chinook language		12 speakers of Kiksht dialect (1996) 300 possibly (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	chh	Chinook language
Chinook Wawa language		17 in the USA (1990 census).	Ethnologue	chn	Chinook Wawa language
Clallam language		10 (1997 Timothy Montler) Several thousands (1997 T Montler).	Ethnologue	clm	Clallam language
Coeur d'Alene language		5 (1999 R McDonald) 800 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	crd	Coeur d'Alene language
Coos language		1 or 2 (1962 Chafe) 250 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	csz	Coos language
Degexit'an language		20 to 30 (1997 Sharon Hargus) 250 to 300 (1997 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	ing	Degexit'an language
Eyak language		1 (1996 N Barnes) 50 (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	eya	Eyak language
Gros Ventre language		10 (1977 SIL)Very few semispeakers in 2000 (2001 Goddard) 1,200 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	ats	Gros Ventre language
Northern Haida language		15 in the USA (1995 M Krauss) 600 in the USA (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	hdn	Northern Haida language
Han language		7 or 8 in Alaska (1995 M Krauss)Population total all countries: 14 300.	Ethnologue	haa	Han language
Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language		A few users out of about 6,000 profoundly deaf people in Hawaii (1987 Honolulu Star-Bulletin), 72,000 deaf or hard-of-hearing people in Hawaii (1998 Honolulu Advertiser).	Ethnologue	hps	Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language
Holikachuk language		12 (1995 M Krauss) 200 (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	hoi	Holikachuk language
Hupa language		8 (1998 Brook) 2,000.	Ethnologue	hup	Hupa language
Kalapuya language		1 or 2 (1962 Chafe).	Ethnologue	kyl	Kalapuya language
Kansa language		19 (1990 census) 250 (1986 SIL).	Ethnologue	ksk	Kansa language
Karok language		10 (1997 William Bright) 1,900 (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	kyh	Karok language
Kashaya language		45 (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	kju	Kashaya language
Kawaiisu language		8 to 10 (2000 L Hinton) 35 (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	xaw	Kawaiisu language
Klamath-Modoc language		1 (1998 N.Y Times, April 9, p A20) 2,000 (1997 Scott DeLancey).	Ethnologue	kla	Klamath-Modoc language
Upper Kuskokwim language		40 (1995 Krauss)3 households (1997) 160 (1995 Krauss).	Ethnologue	kuu	Upper Kuskokwim language
Kutenai language		6 in the USA (2002).	Ethnologue	kut	Kutenai language
Luiseño language		30 to 40 (2000 L Hinton) 2,000 (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	lui	Luiseño language
Lushootseed language		60 (1990 M D Kinkade)Population evenly divided between the northern and southern dialects 2,000 (1990 M D Kinkade).	Ethnologue	lut	Lushootseed language
Northeast Maidu language		1 to 2 (1994 L Hinton) 108 (1990 census).	Ethnologue	nmu	Northeast Maidu language
Northwest Maidu language		3 to 6 (1994 L Hinton) 200 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	mjd	Northwest Maidu language
Mandan language		6 (1992 M Krauss) 400 (1986 SIL and 1997 M Mixco).	Ethnologue	mhq	Mandan language
Menominee language		39 (3,500 ethnic) (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	mez	Menominee language
Central Sierra Miwok language		12 Population includes 6 Eastern Central Sierra, 6 Western Central Sierra (1994 L Hinton) Possibly 5,000 all Miwok (2000 Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	csm	Central Sierra Miwok language
Lake Miwok language		1 to 2 (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	lmw	Lake Miwok language
Northern Sierra Miwok language		6 (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	nsq	Northern Sierra Miwok language
Plains Miwok language		1 (1962 H Landar in Sebeok 1977).	Ethnologue	pmw	Plains Miwok language
Southern Sierra Miwok language		7 Southern Central Sierra Miwok (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	skd	Southern Sierra Miwok language
Mono language		37 to 41 (1994 L Hinton)Population includes 10 to 12 North Fork, 15 Auberry, 7 to 8 Big Sandy, 5 to 6 Dunlap, no Waksachi 600 (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	mnr	Mono language
Nisenan language		1 (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	nsz	Nisenan language
Osage language		5 (1991 M Krauss) 15,000 (1997 Carolyn Quintero).	Ethnologue	osa	Osage language
Panamint language		20 100 (1998 John E McLaughlin).	Ethnologue	par	Panamint language
Pawnee language		20 (1997 Parks) 2,500 (1997 Parks).	Ethnologue	paw	Pawnee language
Central Pomo language		2 to 5 (1997 Mithun) 4,766 (1997 Mithun).	Ethnologue	poo	Central Pomo language
Southeastern Pomo language		5 (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	pom	Southeastern Pomo language
Southern Pomo language		1 (1994 L Hinton).	Ethnologue	peq	Southern Pomo language
Quapaw language		34 (1990 census) 2,000 (1986 SIL).	Ethnologue	qua	Quapaw language
Quileute language		10 (1977 SIL) 300 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	qui	Quileute language
Straits Salish language			Ethnologue	str	Straits Salish language
Serrano language		1 (1994 Coker).	Ethnologue	ser	Serrano language
Snohomish language		10 (1998 J Brooke) 800 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	sno	Snohomish language
Tanacross language		35 (1997 G Holton)Population includes 3 in the Healy Lake dialect, 32 in Mansfield-Ketchumstuck 120 (1997 G Holton).	Ethnologue	tcb	Tanacross language
Tanaina language		75 (1997 M Krauss) 900 (1997 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	tfn	Tanaina language
Lower Tanana language		30 (1995 M Krauss) 380 (1995 M Krauss).	Ethnologue	taa	Lower Tanana language
Tolowa language		4 to 5 (1994 Hinton) 1,000 (2000 Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	tol	Tolowa language
Tübatulabal language		6 900 (2000 Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	tub	Tübatulabal language
Tuscarora language		4 to 5 in the USA (1997 Mithun) 1,200 in the USA (1997 Mithun).	Ethnologue	tus	Tuscarora language
Tututni language		10 (1962 Chafe).	Ethnologue	tuu	Tututni language
Wasco-Wishram language		69 (1990 census)7 monolinguals 750 possibly (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	wac	Wasco-Wishram language
Washo language		10 (1998 J Brooke) 1,500 (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	was	Washo language
Wichita language		3 (2000 Brian Levy) 1,400 (2000 David S Rood).	Ethnologue	wic	Wichita language
Wintu language		5 or 6 (1997 Shepherd) 2,244 (1997 Shepherd)	Ethnologue	wit	Wintu language
Yokutsan languages		78 speakers of Northern Foothill Yokuts (1990 census) 2,500 (2000 A Yamamoto).	Ethnologue	yok	Yokuts language
Yuchi language		10 to 12 (1997 Mary Linn) 1,500 (1977 SIL).	Ethnologue	yuc	Yuchi language
Yurok language		12 (2002 Goddard) 3,000 to 4,500 possibly (1982 SIL).	Ethnologue	yur	Yurok language

[edit] Notes

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