List of Germanic languages
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(Redirected from List of West Germanic languages)
The Germanic languages include some 58 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects that originated in Europe; this language family is a part of the Indo-European language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
The standard division of Germanic is into three branches,
The all descend from Proto-Germanic, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European.
† denotes extinct languages.
Contents |
[edit] West Germanic
[edit] Continental West Germanic
- High German languages
- Old High German †
- Central German
- East Central German
- West Central German
- Luxembourgish
- Pennsylvania German (spoken by the Amish and other groups in southeastern Pennsylvania)
- Upper German
- Alemannic German
- Swabian German, including Stuttgart
- Low Alemannic German, including the area of Lake Constance and Basel German
- High Alemannic German, including Zürich German and Bernese German
- Highest Alemannic German, including the Bernese Oberland dialects and Walliser German
- Alemannic German
- Austro-Bavarian German
- Old Austro-Bavarian†
- Middle Austro-Bavarian†
- Modern Austro-Bavarian
- Northern Austro-Bavarian (including Nuremberg)
- Central Austro-Bavarian (including Munich and Vienna)
- Southern Austro-Bavarian (including Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, and Bolzano, Italy)
- Modern Austro-Bavarian
- Middle Austro-Bavarian†
- Old Austro-Bavarian†
- Hutterite German aka "Tirolean"
- Yiddish (with a significant influx of vocabulary from Hebrew and other languages, and traditionally written in the Hebrew alphabet)
- Wymysorys (with a significant influence from Low Saxon, Dutch, Polish, and Scots)
- Central German
- Old High German †
- Low German
- Low Franconian
- Old Frankish†
- Old Dutch†
- Middle Dutch†
- Modern Dutch
- Brabantic
- Zealandic
- West Flemish
- East Flemish
- Hollandic
- Limburgish
- Zuid-Gelders-Low Rhenish
- Afrikaans (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
- Modern Dutch
- Middle Dutch†
- Old Dutch†
- Old Frankish†
[edit] North-Sea Germanic
- Anglo-Frisian
- Old Frisian†
- Frisian
- Stadsfries language
- West Frisian language (spoken in the Netherlands)
- Clay Frisian (Klaaifrysk)
- Wood Frisian (Wâldfrysk)
- Noardhoeks
- South Frisian (Súdhoeks)
- Southwest Frisian (Súdwesthoeksk)
- Schiermonnikoogs
- Hindeloopers
- Aasters
- Westers
- East Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- North Frisian language (spoken in Germany)
- Mainland Frisian
- Island Frisian
- Frisian
- English group
- English language
- Old English†
- Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Early Modern English†
- Modern English
- British English (English English, including Northern English, Midlands English, Southern English, and others, Welsh English, Scottish English) and Irish English
- North American English (American English and Canadian English)
- Australian English and New Zealand English
- South African English
- South Asian English (Indian English)
- South-East Asian English (Philippine English, Singapore English, Malaysian English)
- West Indian English (Caribbean English)
- Modern English
- Early Modern English†
- Middle English† (significant influx of words from Old French)
- Old English†
- Lowland Scots
- Early Scots†[1] (from Northern Middle English with a significant influx of words from Anglo-Norman and Norse)
- Yola†
- English language
- Old Frisian†
[edit] North Germanic
- Proto-Norse†
- Old Norse†
- West Scandinavian
- Norwegian (generally Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
- Bokmål (official written standard)
- Høgnorsk (unofficial written standard)
- Landsmål (unofficial written standard)
- Nynorsk (official written standard)
- Riksmål (unofficial written standard)
- Vestlandsk
- Nord-Norsk
- Helgeland Norwegian
- Nordland Norwegian
- Troms Norwegian
- Finnmark Norwegian
- East Norwegian
- Midland Norwegian
- Gudbrandsdal Norwegian
- Valdres and Hallingdal
- Western Telemark Norwegian
- Eastern Telemark Norwegian
- Trøndelag Norwegian
- Outer Trøndelag Norwegian
- Inner Trøndelag Norwegian
- Namdal Norwegian
- South-eastern Trøndersk
- Jamtlandic (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Herdalian (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Icelandic
- Gøtudanskt (Faroese Street Danish)
- Faroese
- Norn†
- Norwegian (generally Western branch, but heavy influence from Eastern branch)
- East Scandinavian
- Danish
- Old Danish
- Middle Danish
- Modern Danish
- Eastern Danish (Amager, Bornholm, Skåne, Halland, Blekinge)
- Bornholmsk
- Scanian (significant influx of words from Swedish)
- Island Danish
- Jutlandic/Jutish
- North Jutlandic
- East Jutlandic
- West Jutlandic
- South Jutlandic (Danish: Slesvig; German: Schleswig)
- Eastern Danish (Amager, Bornholm, Skåne, Halland, Blekinge)
- Modern Danish
- Middle Danish
- Old Danish
- Swedish
- Old Swedish
- Modern Swedish
- Svealand Swedish
- Dalecarlian
- Elfdalian (considered a Swedish Sveamål dialect, but has official orthography and is, because of a lower degree of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists, see p. 6 in this reference)
- Dalecarlian
- Norrlandic
- Götish
- East Swedish/Finland Swedish
- South Swedish
- Götalandic
- Svealand Swedish
- Modern Swedish
- Old Swedish
- Danish
- Gutnish
- West Scandinavian
- Old Norse†
Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages
[edit] East Germanic
[edit] External links
[edit] References
- ^ Purely modern term; it contradicts contemporary usage, which designated Scottish English as Inglis (i.e. English), whereas Scottis (i.e., Scots) meant Gaelic. But such chronological terminology is widely used, for example, by Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd. (Formally SNDA), Dr. Anne King of The University of Edinburgh and by The University of Glasgow. It also is used in The Oxford Companion to the English Language and The Cambridge History of English and American Literature
