History of the Jews in Brazil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Notable Brazilian Jews: Henry Sobel • Marcelo Gleiser • Moacyr Scliar |
| Total population |
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| Between 97,000 and 244,590 Brazilian Jews' 0.05% - 0.13% of Brazil's population[1] |
| Regions with significant populations |
| Brazil: |
| Languages |
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Brazilian Portuguese, minority speak Hebrew, Judaeo-Spanish, Yiddish, German, Dutch, Hungarian, Polish and Russian[citation needed] |
| Religion |
| Related ethnic groups |
A Brazilian Jewish person (Portuguese: Judeu Brasileiro, Hebrew: יְהוּדִי ברזילי) is a Brazilian person of matrilineal Jewish ancestry, or a Brazilian who converted into Judaism.
The history of the Jews in Brazil is a rather long and complex one, as it stretches from the very beginning of the European settlement in the new continent. Jews started settling in Brazil ever since the Inquisition reached Portugal in the 16th century. They arrived in Brazil during the period of Dutch rule, setting up in Recife the first synagogue in the Americas as early as 1636. Most of those Jews were Sephardic Jews who had fled the Inquisition in Spain and Portugal to the religious freedom of the Netherlands. After the first Brazilian constitution in 1824 that granted freedom of religion, Jews began to slowly arrive in Brazil. Many Moroccan Jews arrived in the 19th century, principally because of the rubber boom. Waves of Jewish immigration occurred during the rise of Nazis in Europe. In late 1950s, another wave of immigration brought thousands of North African Jews. Nowadays, the Jewish communities thrive in Brazil and there are several Jewish and Zionist groups, clubs, schools, etc. Some antisemitic events and acts occurred mainly during the 2006 Lebanon War.
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[edit] First Jewish arrivals
According to the famous letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha to the King of Portugal, the first Portuguese to set foot in Brazil was Gaspar da Gama, a cristão-novo (New Christian), i.e. a former Jew who had been baptized, maybe forcibly, and who later went along with Pedro Alvares Cabral expedition to India, that in the course discovered what is now Brazil, in 1500.[2]
The first Jews arrived in Brazil as New Christians or Conversos, names designated to describe Jews (or Muslims) who converted to Catholicism, most of them forcibly. The Inquisition kept the New Christians under close surveillance and condemned to death in the bonfire anyone who, being baptized, persisted secretly in the practice of his/her former religion. So, anyway, it was safer to emigrate to Brazil and, according to the Inquisition reports, many Jews were condemned for secretly observing jewish customs in Brazil during colonial times.
Despite constant persecution by the Inquisition, the New Christians successfully established sugar plantations and mills. There were about 50,000 Europeans living in Brazil in 1624 and the New Christians made up a significant percentage of this population. According to Alden Oreck, "They were businessmen, importers, exporters, teachers, writers, poets, even priests."[2]
In 1630, the Dutch conquered portions of northeast Brazil. The Dutch colonizers permitted the open practice of any religion. In 1636, the Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue was built by the Jewish settlers in Recife, the capital of Dutch Brazil.[2] It remains in the same location to this day and the temple is the oldest synagogue in the Americas.[3] Official Dutch census reported that the population of Jews in Dutch Brazil peaked in 1645. About 1450 (11% of the total population) citizens were Jews at that time.[4]
During the Dutch regime, the Jews prospered in, according to Oreck, "Sugar industry, tax farming and slave trade."[2] Saul S. Friedman, however, states that, "Jews worked mainly in retail and brokerage, as engineers and lawyers, not as Senhores de Engenho [the proprietor of a sugar plantation complex]." He writes that only about 6% of sugar mills were owned by Jews.[5] It is interesting to note that the slaves preferred to work for Jews because, while the Portuguese only gave Sunday off and the Dutch gave no day off, the Jews gave both Saturday (Jewish Sabbath) and Sunday as rest days for the slaves.[citation needed][2]
The Inquisition responded to the Jews' prosperity in Dutch Brazil angrily. The Jews were accused for turning in Brazilian property for the Dutch "heretics". They were accused for being the utmost responsibles for the Portuguese political disaster during the Dutch regime in Brazil.[6] Also, the rapid growth of the Jewish population in Pernambuco worried the Portuguese Christians. They wrote a letter in 1637 to the government requesting the immediate suspension of Jewish migration to the Captaincy.[7] They called for the expulsion of all Jews and even accused some four "infamous" Jews of plotting a revolt of slaves. Even before the Portuguese regained the Dutch lands, many limitations have been imposed on Jews, "banning intermarriage, the building of new synagogues or charging more than 3 percent interest on loans."[8] After the Portuguese got back the Dutch lands, in 1654, Jews fled to many other places. The New Christians, however, mostly stayed in Brazil and moved to the countryside, particularly into the the area which is now the State of Paraiba, to avoid the re-activation of the Inquisition in Recife. Nonetheless, inquisitors arrested and condemned many of these New Christians living in Northeast Brazil. Among the Jews that fled to the Caribbean and North America, 24 Jews arrived to New Amsterdam, which later became New York City, becoming the first Jews to arrive in the United States.[9]
[edit] 1773-1920
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The Jews began to slowly arrive again in Brazil after a royal decree signed in Portugal in 1773 abolished all discrimination against Jews.[2] A stream of Sepharadic Moroccan Jews began arriving in 1810 in Belém, capital of the Province of Grão-Pará, in Northern Brazil. Not only were they attracted to the Amazon region because Brazil presented itself as a nation free of persecutions like the ones in Morocco, but also because of, "The intensification of the exterior, propitiating the greater commerce of importation and exportation, loads, and transportations of passengers and migrants; the interior navigation subsidizing and propitiating the interiorization of the Jewish migratory streams along the Amazon River and its tributaries; the rubber cycle that also attracted the English, French, German, Portuguese, and the distressed and the people looking for a better place from Northeast Brazil, that escaped the droughts of 1877 and 1888."[10] Most sources state that the first synagogue of Belém, Shaar Hashamaim ("Gate of Heaven"), was founded in 1824. There are, however, controversies; Samuel Benchimol, author of Eretz Amazônia: Os Judeus na Amazônia, affirms that the first synagogue in Belém was Eshel Avraham ("Abraham's Tamarisk") and that it was established in 1823 or 1824, while Shaar Hashamaim was founded in 1826 or 1828. The Jewish population in the capital of Grão-Pará alread had in 1842 an Israelite necropolis.[11]
Because of unfavorable conditions in Europe, European Jews began debating in the 1890s about establishing agricultural settlements in Brazil. At first, the plan did not work because of Brazilian political quarrels.[2] In 1904, the Jewish agricultural colonization, supported by the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA) began in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state in Brazil. The main intention of the JCA in creating those colonies was to resettle Russian Jews during the mass immigration from the hostile Russian empire. The first colonies were Philippson (1904) and Quatro Irmãos (1912).[12] All these colonization attempts, however, failed because of, "Inexperience, insufficient funds and poor planning" and also because of, "Administrative problems, lack of agricultural facilities and the lure of city jobs." In 1920, the JCA began selling some of the land to non-Jewish settlers.[2] Despite the failure, "The colonies aided Brazil and helped change the stereotypical image of the non-productive Jew, capable of working only in commerce and finance. The main benefit from these agricultural experiments was the removal of restrictions in Brazil on Jewish immigration from Europe during the twentieth century."[12] By the First World War, about 7,000 Jews were inhabiting Brazil. In 1910 in Porto Alegre, capital of Rio Grande do Sul, a Jewish school was opened and a Yiddish newspaper, Di Menshhayt ("Humanity") was established in 1915. One year later, the Jewish community of Rio de Janeiro formed an aid committee for World War I victims.[2]
[edit] Present-day Jewish community
There are about 96,000 Jews in Brazil today, and they play an active role in politics, sports, academia, trade and industry, and are overall well integrated in all spheres of Brazilian life. The majority of Brazilian Jews live in the state of São Paulo but there are also sizeable communities in Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and Paraná.
Jews lead an open religious life in Brazil and there are rarely any reported cases of anti-semitism in the country. In the main urban centers there are schools, associations and synagogues where Brazilian Jews can practice and pass on Jewish culture and traditions.
Some Jewish scholars say that the only threat facing Judaism in Brazil is the relatively high frequence of intermarriage. There have been, however, some instances of vandalism in Jewish cemeteries after Israel's attacks in Lebanon, like the ones in Belo Horizonte in 2007.[citation needed]
[edit] Size of Jewish communities in Brazil
- São Paulo, São Paulo: 95,000
- Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro: 80,000
- Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul: 33,500[13]
- Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais: 10,000
- Curitiba, Paraná: 8,500
- Recife, Pernambuco: 7,600
- Belém, Pará: 6,200
- Manaus, Amazonas: 5,720
- Niterói, Rio de Janeiro: 600[14]
- Salvador, Bahia: 2,500
- Florianópolis, Santa Catarina: 420[15]
- Piracicaba, São Paulo: 1,400[16]
- Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul: 330[17]
- Brasília, Distrito Federal: 920
- Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul: 240[18]
- Fortaleza, Ceará: 120
- Natal, Rio Grande do Norte: 40
Other Jewish communities in the state of São Paulo are found in Santos, Guarujá, São Vicente, Praia Grande, Campinas, Valinhos, Vinhedo, Americana, Santo André, São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Mauá, São José dos Campos, Jacareí, Taubaté, Ubatuba, Guaratinguetá, Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Sorocaba, Itu, Araçoiaba da Serra, Boituva, São José do Rio Preto and Araraquara.
Other Jewish communities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul are found in Santa Maria, Passo Fundo and Cruz Alta.
Small Jewish communities can also be found in Bahia (Itabuna), Paraíba (Campina Grande and João Pessoa), Rondônia (Porto Velho) and Sergipe (Aracaju).
[edit] See also
- Dutch Empire
- Dutch Brazil
- List of Brazilian Jews
- List of Latin American Jews
- History of the Jews in Latin America
- Brazil-Israel relations
[edit] References
- ^ American Jewish Year Book. 107. American Jewish Committee. 2007. http://www.ajcarchives.org/main.php?GroupingId=10143., to see chapter used, see "World Jewish Population, 2007"
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Oreck, Alden. "Brazil". The Virtual Jewish History Tour. Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Brazil.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ "Synagogue in Brazilian town Recife considered oldest in the Americas". Haaretz. 2007-11-12. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/922773.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Friedman, Saul S. (1997). Jews and the American Slave Trade. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0765806606., p. 60
- ^ Friedman (1997), p.61
- ^ Novinsky, Anita. "Jewish Roots of Brazil". Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil. Laboratório de Estudos sobre a Intolerância da FFLCH/USP. http://www.rumoatolerancia.fflch.usp.br/node/128. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ "Arqueologia da Sinagoga Kahal Zur Israel" (in Portuguese). Brasil Arqueológico. Equipe do Laboratório de Arqueologia da Universidade de Pernambuco. http://www.magmarqueologia.pro.br/s_kahal.htm. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Friedman (1997), pp.60-61
- ^ Sheldon, Betsy (2000). The Jewish Travel Guide. Hunter Publishing, Inc.. ISBN 1556508794., p. 129 Quote: "This was the starting point for Jews in America: In 1654, a small group just shy of two dozen sailed into New Amsterdam, more by accident then by intent. The Jews from Brazil, bound for shores more secure than the Spanish-controlled colonies where the Inquisition still threatened, found a safe, if not welcome, harbor."
- ^ Scheinbein, Cássia (2006). "Línguas em Extinção: o Hakitia em Belém do Pará" (in Portuguese). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Lingüísticos. Faculdade de Letras da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. http://www.letras.ufmg.br/poslin/defesas/cassiascheinbein_diss.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-12., p.44
- ^ Scheinbein (2006), p.45
- ^ a b Nachman, Falbel (2007-08-16). "Jewish agricultural settlement in Brazil". Jewish History (Springer Netherlands) 21 (Numbers 3-4, September 2007): 325. doi:. OCLC 46840526. http://www.springerlink.com/content/7v63748ugn1k5p60/fulltext.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-15. Lay summary – Spinger Link. "Jewish agricultural colonization in Brazil began in 1904 in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, supported by the Jewish Colonization Association (JCA). The JCA created the first colonies – Philippson (1904) and Quatro Irmãos (1912) – with the intention of resettling Russian Jews during the decisive years of mass immigration from the Russian empire.".. No page, quote taken from abstract.
- ^ "Federação Israelita do Rio Grande do Sul" (in Portuguese). 2009-05-29. http://www.firgs.org.br/paginas/a-federacao-israelita-do-rio-grande-do-sul-.aspx. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Andréa Telo da Côrte (2009-05-29). "Judeus e Judeus: A Coletividade Judaica de Niterói e as Disputas pela Memória" (in Portuguese). http://www.rj.anpuh.org/Anais/2006/conferencias/Andrea%20Telo%20da%20Corte.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Lia Vainer Schuman (2009-05-29). "Produção de Sentidos e a Construção da Identidade Judaica em Florianópolis" (in Portuguese). http://www.tede.ufsc.br/teses/PPSI0224.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Daniele Ricci (2009-05-29). "Volta para casa: Restos mortais de três judeus deixam Piracicaba" (in Portuguese). Gazeta de Piracicaba. http://gazetadepiracicaba.cosmo.com.br/conteudo/mostra_noticia.asp?noticia=1567730&area=26050&authent=520616607227332347217461567214. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ Álvaro Guimarães (2009-05-29). "Perdão e reverência no Sábado dos Sábados" (in Portuguese). Diário Popular. http://www.diariopopular.com.br/25_09_04/ag240902.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
- ^ "Prefeitura Municipal de Erechim" (in Portuguese). 2009-05-29. http://www.pmerechim.rs.gov.br/principal.php?id_menu=conteudo&id_conteudo=159&id_item=26&id_men=39&submenu=N. Retrieved on 2008-06-09.
[edit] Further reading
Lesser, Jeffrey (1995). Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520084136.
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