Guadalajara, Jalisco
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| Guadalajara | |||
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  Guadalajara
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| Coordinates: 20°40′00.17″N 103°21′01.23″W / 20.6667139°N 103.3503417°W | |||
| Country |  Mexico |
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| State |  Jalisco |
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| Foundation | 1542 | ||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Alfonso Petersen (PAN) | ||
| Area | |||
| - City | 151 km2 (58.3 sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 2,734 km2 (1,055.6 sq mi) | ||
| Population (2008) | |||
| - City | 1,579,174 | ||
| - Density | 10,458/km2 (27,086.1/sq mi) | ||
| - Metro | 4,300,000 | ||
| - Metro Density | 1,572/km2 (4,071.5/sq mi) | ||
| - Demonym | Tapatío | ||
| Time zone | Central Standard Time (UTC-6) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | Central Daylight Time (UTC-5) | ||
| Website | guadalajara.gob.mx | ||
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Guadalajara (pronounced /ˌɡwɑːdələˈhɑːrə/;[1] Spanish: [ɡwaðalaˈxaɾa]) is the capital city of the Mexican state of Jalisco, and the seat of the municipality of Guadalajara. The city is located in the central region of the state and in the western-Pacific area of Mexico. With a population of 1,579,174 it is Mexico's second most populous municipality.[2] The Guadalajara Metropolitan Area includes seven other adjacent municipalities and has a population of 4,095,715 in 2008, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico, behind Mexico City.[2][3] The municipality is the most densely populated in Mexico after Ciudad Nezahualcóyotl in the State of Mexico.[4]
Guadalajara is situated at an altitude of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft).
The city is named after the Spanish city of Guadalajara, with the name originating from the Arabic Wadi-al-Hajara (وادي الحجارة), meaning "Valley of Stones"; the literal translation of the Iberian name (Arriaca), meaning "Stony River".
The city has hosted several international events, such as the first Cumbre Iberoamericana in 1991, the Third Summit of Heads of State and Governments from Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union in 2004, the Encuentro Internacional de Promotores y Gestores Culturales in 2005, and will be the host city of the 2011 Panamerican Games. It was also named the American Capital of Culture in 2005, Ciudad Educadora (Educator City) in 2006 and the first Smart City in Mexico due to its use of technology in development.[5]
In its 2007 survey entitled "Cities of the Future", FDi magazine ranked Guadalajara highest among major Mexican cities, and designated Guadalajara as having the second strongest economic potential of any major North American city behind Chicago. FDI Magazine also ranked the city as the most business-friendly Latin American city in 2007.[6]
Guadalajara is also known as Mexico's silicon valley due to its strong electronics industry,[7] and is also considered Mexico's high tech capital due to its leadership in software and informatics development.[7]
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[edit] History
Guadalajara was founded in 1531 by the Spanish explorer Cristóbal de Oñate, who had been commissioned by the conquistador Nuño de Guzmán. The original settlement consisted of 42 inhabitants settled on the Mesa del Cerro, near the border with Nochistlán in the province of Teúl, known today as San Juan de Los Lagos. The name Guadalajara came from the birthplace of Nuño de Guzmán in Spain.
Guzmán and Cristóbal de Oñate decided to relocate to a place with more water, fewer dust storms, and better transportation. They began this project in May 19, 1533, and by August 8, 1533 they had moved the town to its second location, near Tonalá. Two years later, in March 1535, they again moved the town to a new location.
On November 8, 1539 the emperor Charles V granted a coat of arms and the title of City to Guadalajara.
After a serious attack by indigenous Mexicans in September 28, 1541 during the War of the Mixtón, it was decided once more to relocate the city and re-establish it again in the Atemajac Valley.
Today's city of Guadalajara was founded at this site by Crístobal de Oñate on February 14, 1542, by Royal decree of King Charles V.
During the Colonial era, Guadalajara became the capital of Nueva Galicia and prior to the War of Independence it was the capital of the Intendencia of Guadalajara.
[edit] 20th century
The beginning of the 20th century brought the end of the Porfiriato as the Mexican revolution unfolded. Guadalajara emerged from the revolution relatively untouched. After the Cristero War, peace returned to Guadalajara. For a long period the city prospered and developed in various areas. Medium and large companies emerged, and the areas around the residential nucleus began to grow out from the center. New architectural concepts were introduced which decorated the city with various building styles from 1920 to 1980. The city underwent multiple urban planning cycles during every government administration.[citation needed] New zones and commercial areas were born, and the creation of transnational companies and the arrival of international industries made the city prosperous. The first shopping centers appeared, which also were among the first being constructed in the country and in Latin America.[citation needed] The city expanded quickly, eventually merging with the municipality of Zapopan. Many important developments occurred during this period: Expo Guadalajara, light rail, shopping centers, hotels, the expansion of streets and avenues, and the development of road infrastructure, services, tourism, and industrial infrastructure. This accelerated development was stopped by the gas explosions of April 22, 1992; hundreds of houses, avenues, streets, companies and infrastructure were seriously damaged, leaving losses calculated at a one billion dollars in one of the most tragic events in the history of Guadalajara. This event, combined with the economic crisis of 1994, resulted in the loss of industrial power for Guadalajara;[citation needed] the investigation lasted more than 11 years without finding sufficient evidence to name a guilty party. The investigations are now closed and the events were deemed accidental.
[edit] Population
The Municipality of Guadalajara has the largest population of any city in the state of Jalisco, with an estimated population of 1,579,174 as of 2008.[2] Of these, almost everyone (1,579,128 inhabitants) were living in the central city, or the localidad of Guadalajara.[2] The population of the municipality has stagnated, and even declined, slowly but steadily since the early 1990s.[3] However, the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area also includes the municipalities of Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, El Salto, Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos and Juanacatlán, which together totaled about 4.3 million inhabitants in 2008.[2][3] Guadalajara is the second most populous metropolitan area in Mexico after Mexico City.
[edit] Climate
Guadalajara's climate is influenced by its high altitude and the general seasonality of preciptation patterns in western North America. Although the temperature is mild year-round, Guadalajara has very strong seasonal variation in precipitation. The North American Monsoon brings a great deal of rain, whereas for the rest of the year, the climate is very arid. The extra moisture in the wet months moderates the temperatures, resulting in cooler days and warmer nights during this period. The highest temperatures are usually reached in May, before the onset of the wet season. March tends to be the driest month and July the wettest, with an average of 9.8 inches of rain, over a quarter of the annual average of about 36 inches.[8]
[edit] Economy
Guadalajara is one of the ten largest economic cities in Latin America in terms of GDP, the geographical location of the city and its communications infrastructure make it very favourable for commerce and trade with the rest of the country, and the city attracts investors and commerce worldwide. In 1987, the Expo Guadalajara Convention Centre was created and, since then, it has been hailed as the most important centre of its kind the country. Guadalajara has more than 25,000 lodging rooms.
The city is the national leader in development and investment of shopping malls. Many shopping centers have been built, such as Plaza Galerias, one of the largest shopping centers in Latin America.
Guadalajara is experiencing fast-growing development. A product of the current development projects,Puerta de Hierro has become one of the most important districts in Guadalajara. Buildings in Puerta de Hierro include Aura Altitude, a project of 42 floors that has been recently finished.[9] The construction of Andares, a shopping complex, is almost completed.[10] More buildings are on their way in the Puerta de Hierro district, such as Torre G, Torre Zapopan and Pleyades. Providencia Country has many scheduled apartment projects.
In its 2007 survey entitled "Cities of the Future", FDi magazine ranked Guadalajara highest among major Mexican cities, and designated Guadalajara as having the second strongest economic potential of any major North American city behind Chicago. FDI Magazine also ranked the city as the most business-friendly Latin American city in 2007.[11]
[edit] Industry
Secondary activities consist of industrial production of textiles and metalwork. During the 1990s the city's industrial sector experienced a decline, but it has since regained its position as the industrial capital of western Mexico.[12]
The nutrition industry exports most of its products (juice, tinned fruits, sweet products, sauces, canned food and food products in general). Of these products 60% are exported to national destinations while 40% are sent to the United States. In fact, Guadalajara products are leaders in the Latin market in the United States. In the pharmaceutical industry, Guadalajara and Mexico City together play the most important role in national production. At the moment, Guadalajara is known as the "the Mexican Silicon Valley," due to its electronics industry. The city is the main software producer in the country, and also is a leading producer of electronic and digital components. Such high-technology companies as General Electric, IBM, Intel, Freescale, Hitachi, Hewlett Packard, Siemens, Flextronics ,TCS and Jabil have facilities in the city or its suburbs.
Beyond technology, the city also has a thriving textile industry that exports products throughout Mexico. The fashion industry is another growing sector; designers, photographers, agencies, coordinators, models, and people associated with this sector are supported by the Chamber of the Industry of Clothing (CAINVE) and the Chamber the Industry of Calzado (CAIC). Other dynamic and important productive sectors are the footwear industry and leather production.
[edit] Tourism
The tertiary activities of Guadalajara are based on tourism: the academic, entertainment, sport and cultural tourism. With an expectation for high growth within the next five years, tourism is now one of the most important sectors in the Guadalajaran economy. It is an important tourist destination center in itself and serves as an axis of an array of nearby tourist destinations (Puerto Vallarta, Manzanillo, Mazatlan).
Guadalajara is well connected by modern highways to Mexico City, to the Northwest and to the major beach resorts of Manzanillo, Mazatlan and Puerto Vallarta. Guadalajara's airport is the third most active of the country (after Mexico City and Cancún) with direct flights to many Mexican and American cities. It also has a lively and distinctive network of car-free streets.
[edit] Commerce
Commerce is another of the most dynamic activities of the city. National product transactions, growth and investment in commercial centers, commercial expositions and fairs, transportation, and communications have all contributed to the growth of commerce in Guadalajara. The geographical location of the city makes it strategic for commerce. Services in the city are of all types: financiers, professionals, communal, social, personal technicians, maintenance, and tourism.
[edit] Airport
The city is served by the Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport, also known as Guadalajara International Airport (IATA code: GDL). It is located 16 kilometers south of downtown Guadalajara on the highway to Chapala. Opened in 1966, the airport is the third busiest in Mexico, after Mexico City International Airport and Cancún International Airport.[13]
Guadalajara's International Airport is composed of two runways and two terminals. It is a major airport for connections, acting as a hub for Mexicana, Aeroméxico Connect, a secondary hub for Aeroméxico and a focus city for Volaris. Flights are offered to several destinations within Mexico, the United States, Central America, with connections to Europe and South America.
Along with Mexico's main carriers, Aeroméxico, Mexicana and Aviacsa, the airport is also served by most U.S. airlines, including Alaska Airlines, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and US Airways and Panama's Copa Airlines to Panama City. Numerous low-cost airlines also serve the airport, flying to Mexican destinations. Charter service is common with Magnicharters the primary operator. Other newly-launched carriers serving Guadalajara include Interjet and Volaris.
[edit] Education
Guadalajara is an important nucleus of universities and educational centers with national prestige, such as Universidad de Guadalajara (U.D.G.), Universidad Panamericana, ITESO, Universidad Guadalajara LAMAR, Universidad Marista de Guadalajara, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (U.A.G.) and Universidad Tecnologica de Jalisco (UTJ). [14]
The Universidad de Guadalajara established in October 12, 1791,is a public decentralized university, has its main campuses and administrative offices here. This University is the second largest in Mexico, the fourth oldest in North America and the fourteenth oldest in Latin America. It is regarded as one of the most significant Universities in Mexico in terms of student population, only behind the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and ranks among the largest in the world.
Guadalajara is also home to ITESO, a Jesuit university, and has campuses of several private schools such as Universidad del Valle de Mexico (UVM), ITESO, Tec de Monterrey (ITESM), Universidad Panamericana (UP),Universidad Marista de Guadalajara (UMG),Universidad Guadalajara LAMAR (UGLAM), and Universidad del Valle de Atemajac (UNIVA), as well as the Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara (UAG), which was founded in 1935 and is the oldest private university in Mexico. In addition, the city hosts The American School Foundation of Guadalajara (ASFG). ASFG has 1420 students in pre-school through twelfth grade; it is the only US-accredited school in Guadalajara. ASFG has the only British library in Guadalajara and the second largest collection of books published in English among the private schools in Mexico.
[edit] Culture
Its cultural wealth has taken on an important role in the tourist sector; the city hosts many of the main cultural events in the country and is a main destination for people who visit Mexico. Guadalajara hosts an important community of artists and people interested in art and culture. Recognizing culture as a key factor in the development of Guadalajara, the Guggenheim Foundation has approved the construction of the Guggenheim Guadalajara, which would be the sixth Guggenheim museum in the world. Originally slated to open by 2007, construction has been delayed repeatedly. It is now hoped that the museum will be constructed in time for the 2011 Pan-American Games.
Guadalajara hosts music festivals and open-air art and photography shows on Chapultepec Avenue. Guadalajara is a city with a great number of contemporary artists in the country;in dance, theater, music, photography, cinema, design, architecture, etc.; it also has pioneers in the experimental arts. The federal government represents and supports the cultural movement, but the young people are a very important point in the diffusion, creation, support and consumption of the culture in Guadalajara, becoming a whole lifestyle for tapatío young people.
The city is home to several cultural festivals, like the May Cultural Festival, Fiestas de Octubre, Zapopum!, the Guadalajara Municipal Fair Book, Fair of Mariachi and Charreria, Guadalajara Contemporary Dance festival, CHROMA, Fotoseptiembre, Ambulart, Independient Film Festival and international festivals like the Guadalajara International Film Festival, which has helped Mexican cinema to develop a strong international presence over the past 20 years. The cinema is supported by industrialists and institutes in the city who have collaborated in the support of several contemporary films. Also, the Guadalajara International Book Fair[15] is celebrated in November and is the most important Spanish-language book fair in the world. Every year a special guest, either a country or a region, goes to this fair to showcase its culture. The fair also organizes the children's book fair Papirolas. The city is also host to several dance and ballet companies such as the Chamber Ballet of Jalisco, the Folkloric Ballet of the University of Guadalajara, and University of Guadalajara Contemporary Ballet. After concluding eight years of ballet instruction, many have emigrated to companies like the National Company of Dance, the Ballet of Chicago or the Ballet of Boston.
Contemporary music has been an important factor within the new cultural movement. Guadalajara has many artists and fans of this music genre. The city has been named "Electronic Capital of Mexico" in honor of its representation in Mexico and the world with its practitioners of electronic music, and for being host of the principal electronic music events.
This city has been the cradle and dwelling of distinguished poets, writers, painters, actors, film directors and representatives of the arts, such as: Alexander Zohn, José Clemente Orozco, Doctor Atl, Roberto Montenegro, José Fors, Mathias Goeritz (who taught at the University of Guadalajara), Scott Neri, Javier Quintero Oria, Paula Santiago, Carlos Orozco Romero, Luis Barragán, Federico Fabregat, Raul Anguiano, Juan Soriano, Alejandro Colunga, Fernanda Guerra, and Mauricio Toussaint and the freeplay guitarist and music composer for the movies El Mariachi and The Legend of Zorro, Paco Renteria; important exponents of Literature such as: Juan Rulfo, Francisco Rojas, Agustín Yañez, Idella Purnell, Jorge Souza, among others; classic repertoire composers like Gonzalo Curiel, José Pablo Moncayo, Antonio Navarro, Ricardo Zohn, Carlos Sánchez-Gutiérrez and Gabriel Pareyon; film directors like Felipe Cazals, Jaime Humberto Hermosillo, Erik Stahl, Guillermo del Toro and actors like Katy Jurado, Enrique Alvarez Felix and actual exponents like Gael García Bernal and Fernanda Guerra Gaspar de Alba. Cultural tourism is one of the most important economic activities. Guadalajara was the American Capital of Culture for 2005.
[edit] Architecture
The city has a rich variety of architectural styles, ranging from the baroque to the modern. The city's colonial architecture is a product of French and Spanish trends that were current in Europe at the time of Guadalajara's initial settlement. The historic downtown district contains several examples of neoclassical architecture such as the Metropolitan Cathedral, the Degollado theater and surrounding buildings, as well as the large residential houses of the Lafayette district (many of which have since been converted to boutiques or restaurants). During Porfirio Diaz's presidency the French style of architecture invaded the city due to the passion of then president Porfirio Dìaz for the currents of French style. Also, Italian architects were the ones in charge to giving form to the gothic structures that rise in the city. The passage of time has shaped the diversity of the city's architecture, from baroque to the churrigueresco, neogothic and neoclassic, to the Art Deco and lines of the postmodernistas.
Guadalajara is formed by 1,500 colonies (city areas); the first area of the city contains mostly houses of 2 levels, with architectural styles from the churrigueresco, baroque and European concepts of the 19th century. The first area of the city contains the centric zones and their environs, like the district of the Sanctuary, Mezquitan, Analco, San Juan de Dios and the Centro area (downtown).
Towards the west of the first area rise the larger houses of the 19th century; these take into account distinguished personalities in the city's history, neoclassic structures, and the large houses of the Porfiriato era. This area includes neighborhoods like Lafayette, Jardines del Bosque, Americana, Moderna, and Arcos de Vallarta, in which their respective expansions correspond to constructions of the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. A second area features the blossoming of the new architectural tendencies of the 1960s and 1970s, and includes the track of colonies like Providencia, Vallarta San Jorge, etc. Between the two is an area of postmodernist architecture, the Art Deco, followed by styles reflecting the architectural legacy of one of the worldwide icons of the Mexican architecture, Luis Barragán, who was born and raised in Guadalajara.
The city has many prestigious residential developments and private communities; Puerta de hierro, Colinas de San Javier, Bugambilias City, las Cañadas, el Palomar, Santa Anita, Valle Real, Country Club, etc. Limits of the city are formed by middle-class colonies and habitational developments constructed like a part of governmental plans. The western part of the city includes the middle class and upper-income neighborhoods and the eastern part the working class areas. The city extends towards the west in neighborhoods like Pine of the Calm, Las Fuentes, La Estancia, Colli Urbano, annexing its metropolitan zone to the municipality of Tlajomulco de Zuñiga. It is anticipated that approximately five hundred more colonies in the ZMG will be created by the year 2010.
[edit] Cuisine
Guadalajara has many traditional dishes, such as pipian,pozole, tamales, sopes, enchiladas, tacos, Valentina Chicken, and a variety of "Mexican Antojitos". Another common dish is "Carne en su Jugo" a kind of meat soup, which is a part of tapatío culture. Guadalajara has a large variety of restaurants, from American restaurant franchises to more traditional Mexican fare. The Vallarta and Colonia Americana neighborhoods are known for their restaurants and nightclubs situated in former mansions from the 1940s. Guadalajara is also known for its famous 'tortas ahogadas', which consist of bolillo, a special kind of bread, filled with pork and beans, then drowned (hence the name ahogada which means drowned in Spanish) with a special salsa that makes the bread soft. This is a popular dish in Jalisco.
[edit] Sport
Football (soccer) is the most popular recreational sport in Guadalajara. There are three major football clubs; F.C. Atlas A.C., Club Deportivo Guadalajara and UAG Tecos. Atlas and Guadalajara share the Estadio Jalisco, while Estadio Tres de Marzo in Zapopan is the home of the UAG Tecos. Club Deportivo Guadalajara is the most popular football team in Mexico.
Another popular sport is charreada or charrería, which is Mexico's national sport.
The people of the city also practice golf, tennis, volleyball, basketball and many other sports and disciplines. The state of Jalisco, where the city is located, is the National Olympic Games champion, winning the national championship 9 consecutive times in all disciplines. The main training center, the CODE complex, is in the city of Guadalajara.
The city also holds the National championship in basketball, American football and ice hockey. The city will host the 2011 Pan American Games, and is bidding to host the 2014 Youth Olympic Games.
Guadalajara is the home of Lorena Ochoa, ranked the #1 female golfer in the world since 2007 in the Women's World Golf Rankings.
[edit] Film Festival
The International Film Festival in Guadalajara is today Mexico’s most important film festival, the world’s most important showcase for Mexican and Ibero-American film novelties, and certainly the most active forum for attracting and negotiating projects and works-in-progress in Latin America.
[edit] 1992 explosion
Guadalajara is also known for the great disaster of April 22, 1992, which took place in the downtown district of Analco. Numerous explosions originated in the sewer system, which was inexplicably saturated with gasoline. During a four-hour period several explosions destroyed kilometers of streets. In particular, Gante Street was severely damaged. The force of the explosion was such that newspaper pictures showed a bus which had landed on top of a two-story building. Official figures record 206 deaths, nearly 500 injured and 15,000 homeless. The affected area can be recognized by its more modern architecture, in stark contrast with the surrounding area's much older buildings. To date, Pemex, the state-owned oil company, has not accepted any responsibility for the enormous amount of gasoline found in the sewage system, although it has agreed to create a fund to compensate the families affected by this catastrophe.
[edit] Sister Cities
[edit] See also
- Panteón de Belén
- Hospicio Cabañas - an UNESCO World Heritage Site in Guadalajara
- Puerta de hierro - exclusive zone in Guadalajara
- EU-Latin America summit of 2004 protest activity
[edit] Pop culture
- In the movie "Fun in Acapulco" starring Elvis Presley, he makes a very amusing and well choreographed musical of the song "Guadalajara".
- Desi Arnaz recorded the song "Guadalajara". Desi also sang it in the "I Love Lucy" episode "The Girls Want to Go to a Nightclub".
- The creator of the popular cartoon character Speedy Gonzalez stated that if speedy had a place of birth it would have been Jalisco.
- Ted Kennedy sang a piece of the song "No te rajes Jalisco" while on America's number one radio show Eddie "Piolin" Sotelo morning show.
- In Kirsty Maccoll's song In These Shoes, the city is mentioned.
- In the popular show Family Guy while in a bank robbery, Peter Griffin asks the hostages to name a location for a game of improv and an old lady replies "Guadalajara, Mexico"
- In the television series, Ugly Betty, Betty on her first day of working wears a poncho that says Guadalajara.
- The city is jokingly referred to in Jurassic Park III.
- In the song, "My Old School" by Steely Dan, Guadalajara is mentioned in the lyrics. The lyrics go: "Oh no, Guadalajara won't do.", "Well I did not think the girl could be so cruel.", "And I'm never going back to my old school."
- The Arnold Schwarzenegger movie Predator was filmed in the vicinities of the city and in Puerto Vallarta.
- Guadalajara was a small part of the filming spot of the record-breaking audience soap opera, Destilando Amor.
- In the episode "Sara Like Puny Alan" of Two and a Half Men Guadalajara is mentioned from the two brothers, Charlie Harper and Alan Harper.
- In an episode of Friends, "The One with Joey's New Brain", the character of Joey ask to the character of the special guest, Susan Sarandon, where is the new job that she got?, and she said: "A film in Guadalajara".
- In the worldwide popular game Street Fighter 2, T. Hawk's stage is The Cabanas Orphanage (Hospicio Cabanas).
- In the fifteenth episode of the sixth season of That 70s Show, called "Who are you" Jackie says that her mom went to a bar called "La Cucaracha" in Guadalajara. "La Cucaracha" is a real bar close to Plaza del Sol in Guadalajara.
- Las Tontas No Van al Cielo, a famous soap opera was filmed in Guadalajara.
- The movie "Beverly Hills Chihuahua" contains several scenes in the historical center in Guadalajara.
- In the Nickelodion show, iCarly, in the episode iReunite with Missy, when Sam hears that someone knocked the door she yells to Carly "If it's Freddie's mom tell her I moved to Guadalajara."
[edit] References
- ^ Guadalajara, entry in Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1), accessed March 18, 2008, retranscribed into IPA
- ^ a b c d e Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050 Retrieved on 2008-10-18.
- ^ a b c Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005 Retrieved on 2008-10-18.
- ^ Scripta Nova
- ^ Boletín Informativo - Portal Ayuntamiento de Guadalajara
- ^ FDi Magazine - Cities of the Future
- ^ a b IJALTI Jalisco
- ^ [1]
- ^ Aura Desarrollos
- ^ :::Andares Megadesarrollo::: BIENVENIDOS
- ^ FDi Magazine
- ^ "A Fertile Ground For Efficient Supply Chains". Keller Publishing. 2000. http://www.glscs.com/archives/7.00.LatinAmerica.htm?adcode=90. Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
- ^ Passenger Statistics for 2007 http://www.aeropuertosgap.com.mx/index.php?tpl=doc¬iciaid=1148¬iciafecha=2008-01-11&srctpl=§ion=ESTADISTICAS&menu=ESTADISTICAS
- ^ List of Universities at SEP http://educacion.jalisco.gob.mx/index.html
- ^ Feria Internacional de Libro or FIL
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Sister Cities, Public Relations, Guadalajara municipal government. Accessed on line March 18, 2008.
- ^ Chairman of the Committee for External Relations of St. Petersburg, Business Petersburg, issue 54, 2007-03-30
[edit] External links
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