Floating Production Storage and Offloading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO; also called a "unit" and a "system") is a type of floating tank system used by the offshore oil and gas industry and designed to take all of the oil or gas produced from nearby platforms or templates, process it, and store it until the oil or gas can be offloaded onto a tanker or transported through a pipeline.
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[edit] History
Oil has been produced from offshore locations since the 1950s. Originally, all oil platforms sat on the seabed, but as exploration moved to deeper waters and more distant locations in the 1970s, floating production systems came to be used.
The first oil FPSO was the Shell Castellon, built in Spain in 1977. The first-ever conversion of a LNG carrier (Golar LNG owned Moss type LNG carrier) into an LNG floating storage and regasification unit was carried out in 2007 by Keppel shipyard in Singapore.[1]
Recently concepts for LNG-only FPSOs have also been launched.[citation needed] An LNG FPSO works under the same principles as an oil FPSO, but it only produces natural gas (condensate or liquefied), which is then stored and offloaded.
[edit] Working principles
Oil produced from offshore production platforms can be transported to the mainland either by pipeline or by tanker. When a tanker solution is chosen, it is necessary to accumulate oil in some form of tank such that an oil tanker is not continuously occupied while sufficient oil is being produced to fill the tanker.
Often the solution is a decommissioned oil tanker which has been stripped down and equipped with facilities to be connected to a mooring buoy. Oil is accumulated in the FPSO until there is sufficient amount to fill a transport tanker, at which point the transport tanker connects to the stern of the floating storage unit and offloads the oil.
There are two main types of FPSOs, the converted Oil tanker option or the purpose built option. These might be disconnectable or permanently moored. The FPSO design will depend on the area of operation. In benign waters the FPSO may have a simple shape or it may be a converted tanker. Often an external Turret is applied in such areas e.g. West-Africa. For more harsh environments like the North Sea an internal turret is the likely option and the vessel should have a refined shape. This in order to position itself towards the wind and reduce environmental forces on the moorings. All ship-shaped FPSOs in the North Sea are purpose built and most are permanently moored. FPSOs may also be Semi-Submersible type platforms with storage or cylindrically shaped. These are moored in fixed orientation.
An FPSO has the capability to carry out some form of oil separation process obviating the need for such facilities to be located on an oil platform. Partial separation may still be done on the oil platform to increase the oil capacity of the pipeline(s) to the FPSO.
[edit] Advantages
Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessels are particularly effective in remote or deepwater locations where seabed pipelines are not cost effective. FPSOs eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the oil well to an onshore terminal. They can also be used economically in smaller oil fields which can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a fixed oil platform. Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new location. In areas of the world subject to cyclones (NW Australia) or icebergs (Canada), some FPSOs are able to release their mooring/riser turret and steam away to safety in an emergency. The turret sinks beneath the waves and can be reconnected later.
[edit] Specific types
A Floating Storage and Offloading unit (FSO) is a floating storage device, which is simplified FPSO without the possibility for oil or gas processing. Most FSOs are old single hull supertankers that have been converted. An example of this is the Knock Nevis, the world's largest ship, which has been converted to an FSO to be used offshore Qatar.
A LNG floating storage and regasification unit (FSRU) is a floating storage and regasification system, which receives liquefied natural gas (LNG) from offloading LNG carriers, and the onboard regasification system provides natural gas send-out through flexible risers and pipeline to shore.
[edit] Vessels
[edit] Records
The deepest waterdepth, operating FPSO is the Espirito Santo FPSO from Shell America and its operated by SBM Offshore. The FPSO is moored in a waterdepth of 1800 m in the Campos Basin-Brazil and is rated for 100,000 bpd. The EPCI contract was awarded in Nov 2006 and is scheduled for first oil in Dec 2008. The FPSO conversions and internal turret were done at Keppel Shipyard Tuas in Singapore and the topsides were fabricated in modules at Dynamac and BTE in Singapore
The world's largest FPSO is the Kizomba A, with a storage capacity of 2.2 million barrels (350,000 m3). Built at a cost of over US$800 million by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Ulsan, Korea, it is operated by Esso Exploration Angola (ExxonMobil). Located in 1200 meters (3,940 ft) of water at Deepwater block 200 statute miles (320 km) offshore in the Atlantic Ocean from Angola, Central Africa, it weighs 81,000 tonnes and is 285 meters long, 63 meters wide, and 32 meters high (935 ft by 207 ft (63 m) by 105 ft).[2]
The worlds smallest FPSO is the Crystal Ocean operating in 137m of water in the Bass Strait between Australia and Tasmania on the Basker Manta Field. It is owned by Roc Oil (Sydney-based international petroleum exploration and production company) and is Operated on their behalf by AGR Asia Pacific; it is currently producing 10,000 bpd.
The FPSO in the shallowest water depth of just 13 m is the Armada Perkasa in the Okoro field in Nigeria West Africa for Afren Energy. This spread moored (fixed orientation) vessel uses 100 mm, 150 mm and 200 mm bore DeepFlex non-steel flexible risers in a double lazy wave formation (with weights and distributed buoyancy) to accommodate the large motion offsets in an environment of extreme waves and currents.
The Skarv FPSO developed and engineered by Aker Solutions for BP Norge will be the most advanced and largest FPSO deployed in the Norwegian Sea, offshore Mid Norway. Skarv is a gas condensate and oil field development. The development will tie in five sub-sea templates, and the FPSO has capacity to include several smaller wells nearby in the future. The process plant on the vessel can handle about 19 MSm3/d (670 scft/d) of gas and 13,500 Sm3/d of oil (85,000 bbl/d)[3]. An 80 km gas export pipe will tie in to Åsgard transport system. Aker Solutions (formerly Aker Kvaerner) developed the front-end design for the new floating production facility as well as the overall system design for the field and preparation for procurement and project management of the total field development.[4] The hull is an Aker Solutions proprietary "Tentechtm975" design.[5] BP also selected Aker Solutions to perform the detail engineering, procurement and construction management assistance (EPcma) for the Skarv field development. The EPcma contract covers detail engineering and procurement work for the FPSO topsides as well as construction management assistance to BP including hull and topside facilities. The production start for the field is scheduled for August 2011.[6] BP awarded the contract for fabrication of the Skarv FPSO hull to Samsung Heavy Industries in South Korea and the Turret contract to SBM. The FPSO has a length of 292m, breadth of 50.6m and is 29m deep and accommodate 100 people in single cabins. The hull will be delivered in January 2010.[4]
[edit] Current FPSOs
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| FPSO Vessel Name | Oilfield | Location | Operator | ISC | Entered service | Owner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bohai Mingzhu FPSO | Penglai19-3, China | Bohai, China | ConocoPhillips | 2003; | CNOOC | |
| Zafarana FPSO | Zafco | Gulf of Suez, Egypt | Aker Floating Production | Gemsa | ||
| Abo FPSO | Abo | Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria | Agip | Prosafe | ||
| Agbami FPSO | Nigeria | Star Deep Water Petroleum | Chevron | |||
| Anasuria FPSO | Teal, Teal South, Guillemot A | North Sea, UK | Shell | Sigma3 | ||
| Anoa Natuna | Anoa Field, Natuna Sea | Indonesia | STAR Energy | 1990 | STAR Energy,KN, Natuna Sea BV | |
| Aoka Mizu | Ettrick | North Sea, UK | Nexen | Bluewater Group | ||
| Armada Perkasa | Okoro Setu | Nigeria | Afren/AMNI | 2008 | Bumi Armada Berhad | |
| Åsgard A | Åsgard | North Sea, Norway | StatoilHydro | |||
| Baobab Ivoirien MV10 FPSO | Baobab Field | Côte d'Ivoire | CNR International S.A.R.L. | 2005 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Belanak | Belanak Field | South Natuna Sea, Indonesia | ConocoPhillips | |||
| Berge Helene | Chinguetti | North Atlantic Ocean, Mauretania | Woodside Petroleum | |||
| Bleo Holm | Ross, Blake, Parry | North Sea, UK | Talisman Energy | Wood Group | March 1999 | Bluewater Group |
| Bonga FPSO | Bonga | Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria | Shell | |||
| Brasil FPSO | Roncador | Campos Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | SBM Offshore | ||
| Capixaba FPSO | Golfinho | Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | SBM Offshore | ||
| Captain FPSO | Captain | North Sea, UK | Chevron | |||
| Cidade de Vitoria FPSO | Golfinho II | Espírito Santo Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | 2006 | Saipem | |
| Cidade do Rio de Janeiro MV14 FPSO | Espadarte Sul Field | Campos Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | 2007 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Cossack Pioneer | Cossack, Wanaea | Indian Ocean, Australia | Woodside Petroleum | |||
| Cuulong MV9 FPSO | Su Tu Den Field | Vietnam | Cuulong Joint Operating Company (CLJOC) | 2003 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Dhirubhai 1 | MA-D6 | Bay of Bengal, India | Reliance Industries Limited | Sept. 2008 | AFP | |
| Erha | OPL 209 | Gulf of Benin, Nigeria | ExxonMobil | |||
| Espadarte FPSO | Espadarte | Campos Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | SBM Offshore | ||
| Espirito Santo FPSO | Espirito Santo (BC10) | Campos Basin, Brazil | Shell Americas | Dec 2008 | Designed and Operated bySBM Offshore | |
| Espoir | Gulf of Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire | CNR | Prosafe | |||
| Falcon FPSO | Currently none | Johor River, Malaysia | ExxonMobil | SBM Offshore | ||
| Farwah | Al-Jurf | Mediterranean, Libya | Total | |||
| Four Vanguard | Woollybutt | Indian Ocean, Australia | ENI | |||
| Gimboa FPSO | Gimboa | South Atlantic Ocean, Angola | Sonangol | 2007 | Saipem | |
| Girassol FPSO | Girassol | South Atlantic Ocean, Angola | Total | |||
| Glas Dowr | Sable | Indian Ocean, South Africa | PetroSA | 2003 | Bluewater Group | |
| Global Producer III | Dumbarton | North Sea, UK | Maersk | 2006 | ||
| Greater Plutonio FPSO | Block 18 | South Atlantic Ocean, Angola | BP | |||
| Griffin Venture FPSO | Griffin, Chinook, Scindian | Indian Ocean, Australia | BHP Billiton | |||
| Gryphon FPSO | Gryphon | North Sea, UK | Maersk | 1993 | ||
| Hæwene Brim FPSO | Pierce | North Sea, UK | Shell | 1999 | Bluewater Group | |
| Jasmine Venture MV7 FPSO | Jasmine Field | Thailand | PEARL Energy Pte Ltd. | 2005 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Jotun A | Jotun | North Sea, Norway | ExxonMobil | Bluewater Group | ||
| Kakap Natuna FPSO | Kakap KH field | Indonesia | ConocoPhillips(Kakap) Ltd. | 1986 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Kikeh | Kikeh | Sabah, Malaysia | Murphy oil | August 2008 | Designed and Operated by SBM Offshore | |
| Kizomba A | Hungo, Chocalho | South Atlantic Ocean, Angola | ExxonMobil | |||
| Kizomba B | Kissanje, Dikanza | South Atlantic Ocean, Angola | ExxonMobil | |||
| Kuito FPSO | Cabinda, Angola | Cabinda, Angola | Chevron | SBM Offshore | ||
| MacCulloch FPSO | MacCulloch | North Sea, UK | ConocoPhillips | April 1997 | ||
| Maersk Curlew | Curlew | North Sea, UK | Shell | |||
| Marlim Sul FPSO | Marlim Sul | Campos Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | SBM Offshore | ||
| MODEC Venture 11 FPSO | Mutineer-Exeter Field | Australia | Santos Ltd. | 2005 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Mondo FPSO | Luanda, Angola | Block 15, Angola | ExxonMobil | SBM Offshore | ||
| Munin | Lufeng, Xijiang | South China Sea, China | CNOOC | Bluewater Group | ||
| MV8 Langsa Venture FPSO | Langsa field | Malacca Strait, Indonesia | MEDCO MOECO Langsa Ltd. | 2001 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Mystras FPSO | Okono, Okpoho | Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria | Agip | Saipem | ||
| Nganhurra FPSO | Enfield | Indian Ocean, Australia | Woodside Petroleum | |||
| Norne FPSO | Norne | North Sea, Norway | StatoilHydro | |||
| Northern Endeavour | Laminaria | Timor Sea, Indonesia | Woodside Petroleum | |||
| Petrojarl Banff | Banff | North Sea, UK | CNR | |||
| Petrojarl Foinaven | Foinaven | North Atlantic, UK | BP | |||
| Petrojarl I | Glitne | North Sea, Norway | StatoilHydro | |||
| Petrojarl Varg | Varg | North Sea, Norway | Talisman Energy | |||
| Pertroleo Nautipa FPSO | Etame | South Atlantic Ocean, Gabon | Vaalco Energy | Fred Olsen Production, Prosafe | ||
| Polvo FPSO | Polvo | South Atlantic Ocean, Brazil | Devon Energy | 2007 | Prosafe | |
| Rang Dong 1 | Rang Dong | South China Sea, Vietnam | JVPC,Nippon Oil | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | ||
| Ruby Princess FPSO | Ruby | South China Sea, Vietnam | Petrovietnam | Prosafe | ||
| Saxi-Batuque FPSO | Luanda, Angola | Block 15, Angola | ExxonMobil | SBM Offshore | ||
| Schiehallion FPSO | Schiehallion | North Atlantic, UK | BP | |||
| Sea Eagle FPSO | EA | Gulf of Guinea, Nigeria | Shell | |||
| SeaRose | White Rose | Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada | Husky Energy | 2005 | ||
| Seillean FPSO | Cachalote | Esprito Santo Basin, Brazil | Petrobras | 1986 | Frontier-Drilling | |
| Serpentina FPSO | Zafiro | Gulf of Guinea, Equatorial Guinea | Exxonmobil | SBM Offshore | ||
| Skarv FPSO | Skarv and Idun | North Sea, Norway | BP | 2011 | BP operatør 23,8%, StatoilHydro 34,1%, E.ON Ruhrgas 28%, ExxonMobil 11,92%, Hydro 2,05% | |
| Song Doc Pride MV19 FPSO | Song Doc Field | Vietnam | Truong Son Joint Operating Company (TSJOC) | 2008 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Stybarrow Venture MV16 FPSO | Stybarrow Field | Exmouth Sub-basin, Australia | BHP Billiton Petroleum | 2007 | MODEC Inc. | |
| Terra Nova | Terra Nova | Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Canada | Petro-Canada | 2002 | ||
| Triton | Bittern, Guillemot West, Guillemot Northwest | North Sea, UK | Amerada Hess | Wood Group | ||
| Uisge Gorm FPSO | Fife, Fergus, Flora, Angus | North Sea, UK | Amerada Hess | Bluewater Group | ||
| Xikomba FPSO | Luanda, Angola | Block 15, Angola | ExxonMobil | SBM Offshore |
[edit] Designers & Builders
- Acergy
- Aibel [1]
- Aker Solutions [2][3][4]
- Bluewater [5][6]
- BW Offshore [7]
- Chicago Bridge & Iron [8]
- Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) [9]
- Hyundai Heavy Industries
- KBR
- Keppel Shipyard[10]
- Larsen & Toubro
- London Floating Production Ltd
- London Marine Consultants Ltd
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
- Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (MES) [11]
- MODEC / SOFEC [12]
- Nexus Floating Production [13]
- NORTECHS FPSO [14]
- Oceaneering International Services [15]
- Saipem [16]
- SBM Offshore[17]
- Samsung Heavy Industries (Samsung) [18]
- Sevan Marine [19]
- Tanker Pacific [20]
- Technip [21]
- Kavin Engineering And Services Private Limited [22]
[edit] References
- ^ "The world's first LNG Floating Storage and Regasification conversion". Skipsrevyen. http://www.skipsrevyen.no/artikler/artikler-1-2006/798.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-02.
- ^ "Production grows in West Africa’s largest deepwater development" - The Lamp - Volume 86 Number 3 2004 - Exxon Mobil Corporation
- ^ http://www.eon-ruhrgas-norge.com/cps/rde/xchg/SID-3F57EEE5-5B3326E4/er-norge/hs.xsl/2414.htm
- ^ a b "Skarv and Idun Fields, North Sea Northern, Norway" -
- ^ http://www.akersolutions.com/Internet/IndustriesAndServices/OilAndGas/FieldDevelopment/default.htm
- ^ "Rigzone"
[edit] External links
- FPSO Seillean FPSO Seillean - the World's first DP production vessel - BP SWOPS
- "FPSO World Fleet". 2004. http://www.fpso.net/. Retrieved on 2008-05-20.
- Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Installations at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
- FPSO's FAQ's at the United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
- FPSOs at the U.S. Department of the Interior's Minerals Management Service - Gulf of Mexico OCS Region
- FPSO pages at Offshore-Technology
- FPSO pages at Ship-Technology
- 2004 worldwide survey of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Units Mustang Engineering and BHP Billiton. (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)
- 2007 worldwide survey of Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) Units Mustang Engineering and BHP Billiton. (Adobe Acrobat *.PDF document)
- Deep Oil a Nightly Business Report special, includes look at Discoverer Deep Seas (an FPSO)
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- [www.londonmarine.co.uk]
