Filling radius
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In Riemannian geometry, the filling radius of a Riemannian manifold X is a metric invariant of X. It was originally introduced in 1983 by Mikhail Gromov, who used it to prove his systolic inequality for essential manifolds, vastly generalizing Loewner's torus inequality and Pu's inequality for the real projective plane, and creating Systolic geometry in its modern form.
The filling radius of a simple loop C in the plane is defined as the largest radius, R>0, of a circle that fits inside C:
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[edit] Dual definition via neighborhoods
There is a kind of a dual point of view that allows one to generalize this notion in an extremely fruitful way, as shown by Gromov. Namely, we consider the ε-neighborhoods of the loop C, denoted
As ε > 0 increases, the ε-neighborhood UεC swallows up more and more of the interior of the loop. The last point to be swallowed up is precisely the center of a largest inscribed circle. Therefore we can reformulate the above definition by defining 
to be the infimum of ε > 0 such that the loop C contracts to a point in UεC.
Given a compact manifold X imbedded in, say, Euclidean space E, we could define the filling radius relative to the imbedding, by minimizing the size of the neighborhood 
in which X could be homotoped to something smaller dimensional, e.g., to a lower dimensional polyhedron. Technically it is more convenient to work with a homological definition.
[edit] Homological definition
Denote by A the coefficient ring 
or 
, depending on whether or not X is orientable. Then the fundamental class, enoted [X], of a compact n-dimensional manifold X, is a generator of Hn(X;A) = A, and we set
![\mathrm{FillRad}(X\subset E) = \inf \left\{ \epsilon > 0 \left|
\;\iota_\epsilon([X])=0\in H_n(U_\epsilon X) \right. \right\},](http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/8/1/f/81fcce6ccf099facdc9e95e8d1e3b28e.png)
where ιε is the inclusion homomorphism.
To define an absolute filling radius in a situation where X is equipped with a Riemannian metric g, Gromov proceeds as follows. One exploits an imbedding due to C. Kuratowski. One imbeds X in the Banach space 
of bounded Borel functions on X, equipped with the sup norm 
. Namely, we map a point 
to the function 
defined by the formula fx(y) = d(x,y) for all 
, where d is the distance function defined by the metric. By the triangle inequality we have 
and therefore the imbedding is strongly isometric, in the precise sense that internal distance and ambient distance coincide. Such a strongly isometric imbedding is impossible if the ambient space is a Hilbert space, even when X is the Riemannian circle (the distance between opposite points must be π, not 2!). We then set 
in the formula above, and define
[edit] Example
The filling radius of the Riemannian circle of length 2π, i.e. the unit circle with the induced Riemannian distance function, equals π/3, i.e. a sixth of its length.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Gromov, M.: Filling Riemannian manifolds, J. Diff. Geom. 18 (1983), 1-147.
- Katz, Mikhail G. (2007), Systolic geometry and topology, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, 137, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-4177-8, OCLC 77716978
