Elections in Romania
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Romania elects on a national level a head of state - the president - and a legislature. The president is elected for a five year term by the people (after a change from four-year terms after the 2004 election). The Romanian Parliament (Parlamentul României) has two chambers. The Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputaţilor) has 346 members, elected for a four year term by proportional representation. The Senate (Senatul) has 143 members, elected for a four year term by proportional representation. Romania has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which no one party often has a chance of gaining power alone, and parties must work with each other to form coalition governments.
In 2007, for the first time, Romanians elected their representatives to the European Parliament. The date for these elections was 25 November. See also European Parliament election, 2007.
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[edit] Electoral system
[edit] President
The President is elected in a two round system for a five years term. If one candidate obtains the majority of all the registered voters in the country, he or she is declared the winner. if none of the candidates obtains that number of votes, the winner of the first two candidates that obtained the most votes participate in a run-off. The candidate that obtains most votes is declared the winner.
The term of the president is five years. Between 1992 and 2004 the term was of four years, but was enlarged following the 2003 Constitutional referendum. One person can serve a maximum of two terms, that may be consecutive.
In order to be able to run for the Office of President a candidate mus fulfill the following conditions: be a born Romanian citizen, be at least 40 years of age (at least on the day of the election), and not have held the office for two terms since 1992, when the 1991 Constitution took effect.
[edit] Parliament
The Chamber of Deputies and the Senate are elected in constituencies, by universal, equal, direct, secret, and freely expressed suffrage, on the basis of a list system and independent candidatures, according to the principle of closed party list proportional representation. The option for an identical election system of the two Chambers of Parliament confers them the same legitimacy, as both of them are the expression of the will of the same electoral body.
The two Chambers have different numbers of members: the Chamber of Deputies is composed of 332 Deputies, and the Senate of 137 Senators. This differentiation is possible owing to the legal provision of a representation norm differing from one Chamber to the other. Thus, for the election of the Chamber of Deputies the representation norm is of one Deputy to 70,000 inhabitants, and for the election of the Senate, of one Senator to 160,000 inhabitants.
The number of Deputies and Senators to be elected in each constituency is determined on the basis of the representation norm, by relating the number of inhabitants in each constituency to the representation norm. In a constituency, the number of Deputies cannot be less than four, and that of Senators, less than two. The number of inhabitants taken into account is that existing on July 1 of the previous year, published in the Statistical Yearbook of Romania. If, at least five months before the election date, a general census has taken place, the number of inhabitants taken into account is that resulting from the census.
The Constitution of Romania and the Election Law grant to legally constituted organizations of citizens belonging to national minorities, in case these could not obtain at the election at least one Deputy or Senator mandate, the right to a Deputy mandate, if they have obtained throughout the country a number of votes equal to at least 5% out of the average number of votes validly expressed throughout the country for the election of one Deputy.
The mandates assigned, under the conditions of the Election Law, to organizations of citizens belonging to national minorities are added to the Deputy mandates resulted from the representation norm.
[edit] European Parliament
To elect the 33 MEPs (between 2007 and 2009 35), Romania is considered a single constituency. The system used is closed party list proportional representation, with a 5% threshold of the votes.
[edit] Local Elections
To elect the Mayors the two round system is used. The number of votes needed to win in the first round is calculated using the local electoral list.
For the office of Presidents of the County Councils, since 2008 the first pass the post system is used. Until 2008, the County Councils Presidents where indirectly elected, by the County Council.
To elect the Local Councils, and the County Councils, the closed party list proportional representation, with a 5% threshold of the votes at the constituency level (city, commune or county).
[edit] Voting procedures
Irrespective of the type of election, the vote is done by using paper and manual counting. The voter is required to prove his/hers identity using the Identity card (or the previous version, the Identity bulletin), or, for special reasons, the military ID or the passport. After (s)he signs in the permanent, supplemental, or special electoral list, (s)he is handed a voting ballot (buletin de vot) and a stamp that reads VOTAT YYYY TTT (voted); YYYY stands for the year the election is held, and TTT for the type of elections to be held: L for local elections (including partial), PE for European Parliament election, R for referendums (R.V.U. was used in 2007). For the general election, up to now, there was no additional type indicator, as it is granted most importance.
For the local and parliamentary elections, the voter can vote only at the pooling station where (s)he has the permanent address (domiciliu), or the temporary residence (flotant) at least three months old. For the local election, the Romanians outside Romania cannot vote. For the parliamentary election they vote the candidates for the 43rd constituency. For the European Parliament and presidential elections the voters can vote at a different pooling station than the local and parliamentary elections, but only if (s)he is not in the home-town the voting day.
The voting ballot is printed on newspaper paper, monochrome. All the candidates (or the full candidate list) are listed in a lottery type established order (first the parliamentary parties, than the non-parliamentary parties, and at the end, the independent candidates), each in a clearly designated rectangular that consists of the full party name, the candidate (or full list) and the party logo. Voters express their choice buy stamping the rectangular of the party or independent candidate (s)he wishes to vote for. For referendums the same voting procedure is used. Each of the the two options (YES - DA and NO - NU) are in a 5×5 cm square, YES on top and NO at the bottom, and the question voted for in the middle of the voting ballot.
[edit] Future elections
[edit] Presidential
| Candidates | First round | Runoff | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Candidate | Sustaining Party | Votes | % | Votes | % | |
| Traian Băsescu | Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat Liberal) | |||||
| Crin Antonescu | National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal) | |||||
| Mircea Geoană | Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat) | |||||
| Hunor Kelemen | Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România) |
|||||
| Prince Radu | Independent | |||||
| Blank votes | ||||||
| Invalid votes | ||||||
| Total (turnout x%) | 100 % | 100 % | ||||
| Source: Biroul Electoral Central | ||||||
NOTE
[edit] Latest elections
[edit] European Parliament
| Party | Votes | % of votes | Seats | 2007 Seating |
Change | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National Party/Independent Candidate | EU Party | EP Group | ||||||||
| Social Democratic Party + Conservative Party Alliance (Alianţa Politică Partidul Social Democrat + Partidul Conservator) | PES | PASD | 1,504,218 | 31.07% | 11 | 10 | +1 | |||
| Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat Liberal) | EPP | EPP Group | 1,438,000 | 29.71% | 10 | 16[a] | -6 | |||
| National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal) | ELDR | ALDE | 702,974 | 14.52% | 5 | 6 | -1 | |||
| Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată a Maghiarilor din România) | EPP | EPP Group | 431,739 | 8.92% | 3 | 2[b] | +1 | |||
| Greater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare) | — | — | 419,094 | 8,65% | 3 | 0 | +3 | |||
| Elena Băsescu[d] | — | EPP Group; | 204,280 | 4.22% | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||
| Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc Creştin Democrat) | EPP | — | 70,427 | 1.45% | – | – | – | |||
| Pavel Abraham | — | — | 49,864 | 1.03% | – | – | – | |||
| Civic Force (Forţa Civică) | — | — | 19,436 | 0.40% | – | – | – | |||
| Valid votes | 4,840,032 | 96.12% | – | |||||||
| Null (invalid) votes | 194,621 | 3.86% | – | |||||||
| Total: 18,197,316 expected voters (turnout 27.67%) | 5,035,297 | 100 % | 33 | 35[c] | –2 | |||||
| Source: Biroul Electoral Central | ||||||||||
Notes
- ^ In the 2007 Romanian EP byelection, the Democratic Party won 13 seats, and the Liberal Democratic Party 3 seats. In December 2007 - January 2008, PD changed its name into Democratic Liberal Party, and fused with PLD.
- ^ Only the seats that Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania won in the 2007 Romanian EP byelection are listed.
- ^ In the 2007 Romanian EP byelection László Tőkés ran as an independent, and, for the 2004-2009 EP legislature stood in the EG-EFA Group. For this election, László Tőkés runs on the UDMR list.
- ^ Elena Băsescu re-joined PD-L after the exit-poll results where published.
[edit] Legislative elections
The Democratic Liberal Party (PD-L) won the general election with the most seats in Parliament.
However an alliance between the left-wing Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the right-wing Conservative Party (PC) scored better than the PD-L in the public vote by a tiny margin. Nevertheless no party won a majority in Parliament. The PSD+PC won 33.09 % in the lower Chamber of Deputies and 34.16 % in the upper chamber, the Senate, in the 30 November vote. Meanwhile the PD-L won 32.36 per cent in the vote for the Romanian legislative election, 2008 and 33.57 per cent for the Senate. But the PD-L won 166 seats in the two chambers of Parliament as opposed to the PSD+PC's 163.
| Parties and alliances | Chamber of Deputies | Senate | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | Seats | +/– | Votes % | Seats % | Votes | Seats | +/– | Votes % | Seats % | ||
| Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat-Liberal) | 2,228,860 | 115 | +48 | 32.36% | 34.43% | 2,312,358 | 51 | +22 | 33.57% | 37.23% | |
PSD+PC Alliance (Alianţa PSD+PC)
|
2,279,449 | 114 110 |
–10 | 33.09% | 34.13% | 2,352,968 | 49 48 |
–6 | 34.16% | 35.77% | |
National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal)
|
1,279,063 | 65 | +5 | 18.57% | 19.46% | 1,291,029 | 28 | +4 | 18.74% | 20.44% | |
| Hungarian Democratic Union of Romania (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România) | 425,008 | 22 | ±0 | 6.17% | 6.59% | 440,449 | 9 | –1 | 6.39% | 6.56% | |
| Ethnic minorities parties | 243,908 | 18 | — | 3.56% | 5.39% | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Greater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare) | 217,595 | 0 | –21 | 3.15% | 0% | 245,930 | 0 | –13 | 3.57% | 0% | |
| New Generation Party (Partidul Noua Generaţie) | 156,901 | — | — | 2.27% | — | 174,519 | — | — | 2.53% | — | |
| Green Ecologist Party (Partidul Verde Ecologist) | 18,279 | — | — | 0.27% | — | 48,119 | — | — | 0.70% | — | |
| Popular and Social Protection Party (Partidul Popular şi al Protecţiei Sociale) | 8,388 | — | — | 0.12% | — | 10,805 | — | — | 0.16% | — | |
| National Democratic Christian Party (Partidul Naţional Democrat Creştin) | 316 | — | — | 0.00% | — | 1,365 | — | — | 0.02% | — | |
| Romanian Socialist Party (Partidul Socialist Român) | 585 | — | — | 0.01% | — | 445 | — | — | 0.02% | — | |
| Party of the European Romania (Partidul României Europene) | 87 | — | — | 0.00% | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Total valid votes (turnout 39.2%) | 6,858,439 | 334 | +2 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 6,877,987 | 137 | — | 100.00% | 100.00% | |
| Source: Biroul Electoral Central | |||||||||||
[edit] Local elections
Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania other parties/Independent
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Official site of the Chamber of Deputies of Romania
- Monitorul Oficial, 1864-1941
- Scânteia, newspaper of Romanian Communist Party, 1946-1989
[edit] External links
- Report on 30 November 2008 election results
- Adam Carr's Election Archive
- Parties and elections
- Report on new Uninominal System
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