Betuweroute
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| Betuweroute | |
 Trajectory (red) of the Betuweroute |
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| Locale | Netherlands |
|---|---|
| Dates of operation | 2007– |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) |
| Electrification | 25 kV, 50 Hz |
| Length | 160 km |
| Website | en.betuweroute.nl |
The Betuweroute is a double track freight railway from Rotterdam to Germany. Betuweroute is the official name, after the Betuwe area through which it passes, but the line is popularly referred to as Betuwelijn, after an older track in the same region. The Germans have christened their part the Hollandstrecke. Together they form Project nr. 5 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) [1]. It is among the most costly and most controversial large scale government projects ever constructed in the country.
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[edit] History
Preliminary investigations into the future of west-east transport began in 1985 by the commissie Van Bonden. The main advocate of the line was the then minister Neelie Kroes, now a Commissioner in the European Union. In 1992 the German and Dutch governments signed the Verdrag van Warnemünde, a treaty on enhancing rail traffic, especially on the tracks from Amsterdam and Rotterdam to Duisburg. The original plans foresaw three branches towards Germany. However, the northern branch via Oldenzaal was abandoned in 1999 and the southernmost track via Venlo saw the axe in 2004. In the same year, the courts forbade the construction of a large logistics centre near Valburg.
Work on the Dutch part of the track began in 1998. Delayed by two years, the railway was finished mid 2007, at a cost of 4.7 billion euro, more than two times the original budget of 2.3 billion euro, and more than quadruple the initial 1.1 billion euro estimate from 1990. Private financing in the line, promoted by the government in a bid to offset the large and rising costs and stifle criticism about government funding, never materialized.
On June 16, 2007, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands presided over the opening ceremony for the section connecting Rotterdam 160 kilometers (99 mi) to the German border.[2] Ignoring the TEN-T and bilateral agreements, the Germans will not complete reconstruction of their section before 2015.[3]
[edit] Usage
Project management hope 150 freight trains per day will be using the new line within five years. Due to problems with safety equipment, and the unfinished German connection, traffic is still marginal as at December 2007.[4]
[edit] Controversy
Before and during its construction many Dutch people, experts and politicians such as members of parliament were opposed to the Betuweroute. The Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management received 14,000 complaints against the northern branch alone, which was cancelled in 1999. Groen Front (Green Front), one among dozens of activist groups, accounted for 35 confrontations in 1999-2001.[5]. The role of the government and ministers concerned was heavily criticised by university professors and official institutions.
The main concerns about the Betuweroute were:
- Cost - Even at the original budget of 2.3 billion euro, there was much discussion about economic viability. Initial hopes of attracting private investors turned out to be totally unfounded. In 2000 the Court of Audit convicted the government on having issued unrealistic forecasts about cost, environmental effects and usage of the Betuweroute, as well as insufficient cost control. They stated that promoting river transport should have been considered as a realistic alternative. In 2004 the Centraal Planbureau (Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis), concluded that the construction would never pay its way.
- Landscape - Fears of ravaging the Groene Hart and the Betuwe. The Groene Hart (Green Heart) of the Randstad is a more or less rural area amidst Holland's largest cities; the Betuwe is a less densely populated green region along the large Dutch rivers. Both feature classic Dutch polder landscape. The opposition to the original plans forced the construction of additional tunnels, driving the budget up further.
- Environmental issues - Worries about noise, dangerous chemical spills and the fragmentation of animal habitats caused many environmentalists to fiercely resist the new track. In response, extra noise insulation panels, tunnels and wildlife passages were built.
- Alternatives - As the Court of Audit concluded in its 2000 report, river transport was and still is a realistic alternative. It is cheaper, more flexible, safer and not much slower. The Dutch barge fleet is the largest and among the most modern in Europe,[6] well capable of handling the transport to the German industrial heartland, nearly without any investment by the government. Great Dutch rivers (the Merwede, the Waal and parts of the Rhine, Maas (Meuse), IJssel and Lek) run roughly alongside the Betuweroute. The same goes for the A15, an excellent albeit congested highway, which parallels the railway for 95 kilometers (59 mi).
Several parts of this Controversy section are based on a Dutch scientific investigation[7]
[edit] Specifications and features
- The route is electrified with 25 kV AC and signalled with the ERTMS2 security system. Electrification complies to new European standards, but current Dutch locomotives can not ride this track, as they use a different voltage. German locomotives use the right voltage, but the German part of the route does not comply with the new European standard security system, severely limiting usablility of the track. First new-spec locomotive delivered to Railion December 2007.
- Tunnels, electrification and other parts of the railway are engineered to allow double stacked container trains, although no such trains will be in use for years to come.
- For the section from Rotterdam to the large classification yard Kijfhoek existing track could be reconstructed, but three quarter of the line is new, from Kijfhoek to Zevenaar near the German border.
- Total length of noise insulation panels on both sides is 160 kilometers (99 mi), the same as the track length.
- Roll bars along the track keep derailed cars from toppling.
- 5 tunnels and several roofed sections add up to a length of 20 kilometers (12 mi).
- 190 passages for crossing wildlife.
- 130 bridges and viaducts, no level crossings.[8]
- Capacity for 10 trains per hour in each direction, if the German safety gear and other infrastructure is updated.
[edit] Infrastructure
A lot of infrastructure was built or reconstructed to get the trains rolling. The most striking works:
- container terminals in Rotterdam: Rail Service Centre Maasvlakte and Rail Service Centre Waalhaven.
- The 3 kilometers (2 mi) long Botlekspoortunnel under Rotterdam harbour replaces the antiquated Botlek bridge, which remains in service as backup and for regional traffic. Space around the tunnel was so constrained that, after completing the first tube, the tunnel boring machine had to be dismantled inside the tube. The parts were then returned to the starting point and reassembled to bore the second tube.
- Reconstructed classification yard Kijfhoek between Barendrecht and Zwijndrecht.[9]
- Barendrecht railway station, where 9 tracks are in a 1.5 kilometers (1 mi) long structure, much of it covered under a layer of earth, to keep noise at bay. On top is a new city park. At the station itself 4 of the tracks, with the platforms, have a glass roof. Nearby tracks cross on two levels.
- Tunnel under Pannerdensch Kanaal near Angeren. Instead of the projected bridge, a 2.7 kilometers (2 mi) tunnel was bored, to spare landscape and environment. The tunnel entrances were designed to blend in with the landscape. The tunnel itself has large lock doors at each end, to prevent a flood on one side of the canal inundating the region on the opposite bank. Because two endangered animal species were found in the vicinity of the tunnel, a new habitat was laid out for the Great crested newt and the Natterjack Toad, as this video shows.[10]
[edit] Route
The route is a direct line from the Maasvlakte to Zevenaar, connecting the Europoort to Germany.
Compared with the previous rail route between Barendrecht and Elst the main deviations are:
- Line now north of Zwijndrecht and Papendrecht
- Line now north of Gorinchem and south of Leerdam
- Line now north of Tiel
- From the south side of Elst the line runs straight to Zevenaar.
[edit] Municipalities
Municipalities along Betuweroute:
[edit] References
Several parts of this article are based on: "Decision process and construction of Betuweroute, 1985-2007" (in German). http://www.uni-muenster.de/HausDerNiederlande/Zentrum/Projekte/NiederlandeNet/NRW-BeNeLux/einleitungbetuwe.html.
- ^ Betuweroute and the TEN network
- ^ First freight train on the Betuweroute
- ^ Germany ignores Betuwelijn
- ^ Marginal use of Betuweroute
- ^ 35 actions by Groen Front against the Betuweroute, 1999-2001 Dutch
- ^ River transportation: Market observation 2006 Dutch barge fleet accounts for more than 50% of total tonnage in Rhine and Meuse basins, (p42). And is the most modern, second only to the German fleet, (p55). Dutch
- ^ Rail transport vs. river transport. Scientific investigation on costs, safety, environment. Dutch
- ^ Features of Betuweroute Dutch
- ^ Website Rail cargo information. "Document showing layout Kijfhoek" (in Dutch). http://www.railcargo.nl/documenten/kijfhoek%20definitief.pdf.
- ^ Short video about new habitat for the Great crested newt, Dutch spoken
[edit] External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Betuweroute |
