Act utilitarianism
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Act utilitarianism is a utilitarian theory of ethics which states that the right action is the one which produces the greatest amount of happiness or pleasure for the greatest number of beings. Act utilitarianism is opposed to rule utilitarianism, which states that the morally right action is the one that is in accordance with a moral rule whose general observance would create the most happiness. Professor of philosophy J.J.C. Smart is a defender of the act utilitarianism.
"An act is right from an ethical point of view if, and only if, the sum total of utilities produced by that act is greater than the sum total utilities produced by another act the agent could have performed in its place." (Jeremy Bentham)
[edit] Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory, which means that it stipulates that the morality of an action is determined by its outcome. (This is opposed to deontology, which argues that moral actions should flow from duties or motives.) This consequentialism is then combined with hedonism, which posits happiness or pleasure as the ultimate worthwhile pursuit. Therefore, since only the consequences of an action matter, and only happiness matters, the action is the one that results in the greatest sum of happiness.
[edit] See also
- Rule utilitarianism
- Two-level utilitarianism
- Preference utilitarianism
- Jeremy Bentham
- John Stuart Mill
- Peter Singer
