Orders of magnitude (mass)
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To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various mass levels between 10−36 kg and 1053 kg.
Contents |
[edit] 10-25 kg or less
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−36 | 1.783 × 10−36 kg | One eV/c², the mass equivalent of one electronvolt of energy. |
| 3.6 × 10−36 kg | Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c²) | |
| 10−35 | ||
| 10−34 | ||
| 10−33 | ||
| 10−32 | ||
| 10−31 | 9.11 × 10−31 kg | Electron (511 keV/c²), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass. |
| 10−30 | ||
| 10−29 | ||
| 10−28 | 1.9 × 10−28 kg | Muon (106 MeV/c²) |
| 10−27 yoctogram (yg) |
1.661 × 10−27 kg | Atomic mass unit (u) or dalton (Da) |
| 1.673 × 10−27 kg | Proton (938.3 MeV/c²) | |
| 1.674 × 10−27 kg | Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom | |
| 1.675 × 10−27 kg | Neutron (939.6 MeV/c²) | |
| 10−26 | 1.15 × 10−26 kg | Lithium atom (6.941 u) |
| 2.99 × 10−26 kg | Water molecule (18.015 u) | |
| 7.95 × 10−26 kg | Titanium atom (47.867 u) | |
| 10−25 | 1.79 × 10−25 kg | Silver atom (107.8682 u) |
| 1.6 × 10−25 kg | Z boson (91.2 GeV/c²) | |
| 3.1 × 10−25 kg | Top quark (173 GeV/c²), the heaviest known elementary particle | |
| 3.2 × 10−25 kg | Caffeine molecule (194 u) | |
| 3.45 × 10−25 kg | Lead-208 atom, the heaviest stable isotope known |
[edit] 10-25 to 10-19 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−24 zeptogram (zg) |
1.2 × 10−24 kg | Buckyball molecule (720 u) |
| 10−23 | ||
| 10−22 | 1.1 × 10−22 kg | Haemoglobin A molecule in blood |
| 10−21 attogram (ag) |
||
| 10−20 | 10−20 kg | A small virus |
| 10−19 |
[edit] 10-18 to 10-13 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−18 femtogram (fg) |
||
| 10−17 | 1.1 × 10−17 kg | Mass equivalent of one joule |
| 4.6 × 10−17 kg | Mass equivalent of a calorie | |
| 10−16 | 7 × 10−16 kg | Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium |
| 10−15 picogram (pg) |
||
| 10−14 | ||
| 10−13 |
[edit] 10-12 to 10-7 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−12 nanogram (ng) |
10−12 kg | Average human cell (1 nanogram) |
| 10−11 | ||
| 10−10 | 3.5 × 10−10 kg | Small grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms) |
| 10−9 microgram (µg) |
2 × 10−9 kg | Mass of human ovum, uncertainty in the mass of the prototype kilogram (2 micrograms) |
| 10−8 | 2.2 × 10−8 kg | Planck mass |
| 10−7 |
[edit] 10-6 to one kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 10−6 milligram (mg) |
1–2 × 10−6 kg | Typical mass of a mosquito (1–2 milligrams) |
| 10−5 centigram (cg) |
1.1 × 10−5 kg | Large grain of sand (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams) |
| 10−4 decigram (dg) |
1.5 × 10−4 kg | Typical amount of caffeine in one cup of coffee (150 milligrams) |
| 2 × 10−4 kg | Metric carat (200 milligrams) | |
| 10−3 gram (g) |
10−3 kg | One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram) |
| 8 × 10−3 kg | Typical coins: euro (7.5 grams) and U.S. dollar (8.1 grams) | |
| 10−2 decagram (dag) |
1.2–4 × 10−2 kg | Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 12–40 grams) |
| 2.4 × 10−2 kg | Amount of ethanol in one drink (24 grams) | |
| 2.8 × 10−2 kg | Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.35 grams) | |
| 10−1 hectogram (hg) |
0.15 kg | Human kidney (150 grams) |
| 0.454 kg | Pound (avoirdupois) (454 grams) |
[edit] one kg to 105 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1 kg kilogram (kg) |
1 kg | One litre of water, approx. |
| 3 kg | Newborn human baby; smallest breed of dog (Yorkshire terrier) | |
| 4.0 kg | Women's shotput | |
| 5–7 kg | Housecat | |
| 7.26 kg | Men's shotput | |
| 101 | 10–30 kg | A CRT computer monitor or television set |
| 15–20 kg | Medium-sized dog | |
| 70 kg | Adult human; large dog | |
| 102 | 180–250 kg | Mature lion, female (180 kg) and male (250 kg) |
| 480 kg | Grand piano | |
| 700 kg | Dairy cow | |
| 907.18474 kg | 1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.) | |
| 103 megagram (Mg) |
1000 kg | Metric ton/tonne; one cubic metre of water |
| 1016.0469088 kg | Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.) | |
| 800–1600 kg | Typical passenger automobiles | |
| 3000–7000 kg | Adult elephant | |
| 5000 kg | A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (5 tonne) | |
| 104 | 1.1 × 104 kg | Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes) |
| 1.2 × 104 kg | Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes) | |
| 1.4 × 104 kg | Big Ben (Bell) (14 tonnes) | |
| 4.4 × 104 kg | Usual maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a Semi-trailer truck (44 tonnes) | |
| 6.0 × 104 kg | Largest Meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes) | |
| 7.3 × 104 kg | Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)[1] | |
| 105 | 1.8 × 105 kg | Largest animal, the blue whale (180 tonnes) |
| 1.87 × 105 kg | International Space Station (187 tonnes) | |
| 6 × 105 kg | Antonov An-225 (the world's heaviest aircraft) maximum take-off mass (600 tonnes); payload: 250 tonnes |
[edit] 106 to 1011 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 106 gigagram (Gg) |
1.25 × 106 kg | Trunk of the Giant Sequoia tree named General Sherman (1250 tonnes) |
| 1.5 × 106 kg | Individual gate of the Thames Barrier | |
| 2.041 × 106 kg | Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes) | |
| 6 × 106 kg | Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (Largest living Organism)(6000 tonnes) | |
| 107 | 1.1 × 107 kg | Annual production of Darjeeling tea (11,000 tonnes) |
| 2.6 × 107 kg | RMS Titanic (26,000 tonnes) | |
| 9.97 × 107 kg | Heaviest train ever (99,700 tonnes): Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record | |
| 108 | 6.5 × 108 kg | Largest ship, Knock Nevis, when fully loaded (650,000 tonnes) |
| 109 teragram (Tg) |
4.3 × 109 kg | Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second |
| 6 × 109 kg | Great Pyramid of Giza | |
|
1010
|
6 × 1010 kg | Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure |
| 1011 | 2 × 1011 kg | Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km³) |
| 3 × 1011 kg | Total mass of the human world population | |
| 5 × 1011 kg | Total biomass of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, thought to be the most plentiful creature on the planet |
[edit] 1012 to 1017 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1012 petagram (Pg) |
3.91 × 1012 kg | World oil production in 2001 |
| 5.5 × 1012 kg | A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonne) | |
| ~1 × 1012 kg | The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe | |
| 1013 | ||
| 1014 | 2–3 × 1014 kg | Amount of rock that exploded in the Mount Tambora volcanic eruption in 1815 |
| 1015 exagram (Eg) |
1 × 1015 kg | Estimated total world coal reserves economically accessible using current mining technology |
| 2.5 × 1015 kg | Amount of mass for antimatter/matter bomb needed to overcome gravitational binding energy of Earth. | |
| 1016 | 1 × 1016 kg | 951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft |
| 1017 | 1.6 × 1017 kg | Prometheus (moon), a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring. |
[edit] 1018 to 1023 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1018 zettagram (Zg) |
5 × 1018 kg | Earth's atmosphere |
| 5.7 × 1018 kg | Hyperion, a moon of Saturn | |
| 1019 | 3 × 1019 kg | 3 Juno, the fifth largest asteroid in the main Asteroid Belt |
| 1020 | 8.7 × 1020 kg | Ceres, the largest asteroid in the main Asteroid Belt (now officially a dwarf planet) |
| 1021 yottagram (Yg) |
1.35 × 1021 kg | Earth's oceans |
| 1.6 × 1021 kg | Charon, the moon of Pluto | |
| 2.3 × 1021 kg | Total mass of the Asteroid Belt | |
| 1022 | 1.3 × 1022 kg | Pluto |
| 1.5 × 1022 kg | Triton, largest moon of Neptune | |
| 7.35 × 1022 kg | Earth's Moon | |
| 1023 | 1.3 × 1023 kg | Titan, largest moon of Saturn |
| 1.5 × 1023 kg | Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter | |
| 3.2 × 1023 kg | Mercury | |
| 6.4 × 1023 kg | Mars |
[edit] 1024 to 1029 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1024 | 4.9 × 1024 kg | Venus |
| 6.0 × 1024 kg | The Earth | |
| 1025 | 3 × 1025 kg | Oort cloud[2] |
| 8.7 × 1025 kg | Uranus | |
| 1026 | 1.0 × 1026 kg | Neptune |
| 5.7 × 1026 kg | Saturn | |
| 1027 | 1.9 × 1027 kg | Jupiter |
| 1028 | 1–17 × 1028 kg | Brown dwarf stars |
| 1029 | 3.4 × 1029 kg | Barnard's Star, a near red dwarf star |
[edit] 1030 to 1035 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1030 | 2 × 1030 kg | Sun (one solar mass or M☉ = 1.98892 × 1030 kg) |
| 2.9 × 1030 kg | Chandrasekhar limit (1.44 M☉) | |
| 1031 | 4 × 1031 kg | Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 M☉)[3] |
| 1032 | 2 × 1032 kg to 3 × 1032 kg | Pistol Star, one of the most massive known stars (100[4] to 150[5] M☉) |
| 6 × 1032 kg to 8 × 1032 kg | Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 M☉)[6] | |
| 1033 | 1.6 × 1033 kg | Pleiades star cluster (800 M☉)[7] |
| 1034 | 2 × 1034 kg | lower mass range of a Giant molecular cloud; tens of thousands to millions of solar masses |
| 1035 | 7.3 × 1035 kg | Jeans mass of a Giant molecular cloud at 100K and density 30 atoms per cc;[8] possible example: Orion Molecular Cloud Complex |
[edit] 1036 to 1041 kg
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1036 | 2.4 × 1036 kg | The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2 × 106 M☉)[9] |
| 7.4±0.4 × 1036 kg | The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2 × 106 M☉)[10] | |
| 1037 | ||
| 1038 | Typical mass of a globular cluster | |
| 1039 | ||
| 1040 | 3.6 × 1040 kg | Mass of OJ287, the largest measured supermassive black hole |
| 1041 | 3.6 × 1041 kg | Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy |
[edit] 1042 kg and greater
| Factor (kg) | Value | Item |
|---|---|---|
| 1042 | 1.2 × 1042 kg | Milky Way galaxy (5.8 × 1011 M☉)[11] |
| 2.57 × 1042 kg | Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14 × 1012 M☉)[11] | |
| 1043 | ||
| 1044 | ||
| 1045 | 2 × 1045 kg | Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1 × 1015 M☉)[12] |
| 1046 | ||
| 1047 | ||
| 1048 | ||
| 1049 | ||
| 1050 | ||
| 1051 | ||
| 1052 | 3 × 1052 kg | Mass of the observable universe |
[edit] Notes
- ^ Mazzetta, Gerardo V.; Christiansen, Per; Fariña, Richard A. (2004). "Giants and Bizarres: Body Size of Some Southern South American Cretaceous Dinosaurs" (PDF). Historical Biology 65: 1–13. doi:. http://www.miketaylor.org.uk/tmp/papers/Mazzetta-et-al_04_SA-dino-body-size.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-01-23.
- ^ Weissman, Paul R. (1983). "The mass of the Oort cloud". Astronomy and Astrophysics 118(1): 90–94. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
- ^ Kaler, Jim. "Betelgeuse" (2008). Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
- ^ Dejoie, Joyce; Truelove, Elizabeth (May 2000). "What's the biggest star we know?" StarChild. NASA. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
- ^ "Hubble identifies what may be the most luminous star known" (1997). HubbleSite. Retrieved on 2009-02-08.
- ^ The Astrophysics Spectator: Open Star Clusters. Retrieved 2008-09-15
- ^ Pleiades - Crystalinks. retrieved 2008-09-15
- ^ The Astrophysics Spectator: Molecular Clouds. Retrieved 2008-09-15
- ^ Olano, C. A. (August 1982). "On a model of local gas related to Gould's belt" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics 112(2): 195–208.
- ^ Ghez, A. M.; Salim, S.; Hornstein, S. D.; Tanner, A.; Lu, J. R.; Morris, M.; Becklin, E. E.; Duchêne, G. (2005). "Stellar orbits around the galactic center black hole". The Astrophysical Journal 620: 744–757, doi:10.1086/427175.
- ^ a b Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics 49(1): 3–18. doi:10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6.
- ^ Einasto, M.; Saar, E.; Liivamägi, L. J.; Einasto, J.; Tago, E.; Martínez, V. J.; Starck, J.-L.; Müller, V.; Heinämäki, P.; Nurmi, P.; Gramann, M.; Hütsi, G. (December 2007). "The richest superclusters: I. Morphology". Astronomy and Astrophysics 476(2): 697–711. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078037.
